RLE 3M (PPT)

Central venous pressure

The pressure in the thoracic vena cava near the right atrium.

Manometer

Precision instruments used to measure pressure.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A simple test that checks the heart's rhythm and electrical activity.

Vectorcardiogram (VCG)

Uses vectors to graphically depict the electrical activity of the heart.

Echocardiogram

Uses sound waves to create pictures of the heart.

Hypervolemia

Excessive buildup of fluid in the circulatory system.

Hypovolemia

Reduction in the amount of fluids that circulate within the body.

Phlebostatic axis

An anatomical reference point used to accurately measure central venous pressure.

Bone marrow

The spongy tissue inside some of the bones in the body.

Bone marrow aspiration

A procedure to take a small sample of tissue from the bone marrow.

Biopsy

The removal of tissue from the body for closer examination.

Fibrosis

Medical term for tissue thickening or scarring.

Hematologist

A medical doctor who specializes in the study and treatment of blood disorders.

Hematoma

A small, concentrated collection of blood that develops due to an injury or damage to blood vessels.

Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation.

Hemorrhage

Excessive and abnormal blood loss from blood vessels.

Myeloma

Abnormal plasma cells that become cancerous and uncontrollably grow.

Electrocardiograph

A machine used to assess the electrical activity of the heart.

Electrophysiology

The study of the electrical signals and activity of the heart.

Electrodes

Small, plastic patches that stick to the skin and are connected to an ECG machine to record electrical signals.

Automaticity

The innate capacity of a cell to produce electrical signals on its own initiative, without external input.

Depolarization

The process by which the cells of the heart become less negative and contract.

Ectopic Pacemaker

Enhanced normal automaticity that causes the cells to produce electrical impulses faster than the normal sinus rhythm.

Bradycardia

A heart rate below 60 beats per minute.

Tachycardia

A heart rate above 100 beats per minute.

Rhythm

Refers to the regularity and pattern of the heartbeat.

Arrhythmia/Dysrhythmia

An irregular or abnormal heart rhythm.

Cardiac arrest

Occurs when the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating, leading to a loss of blood flow to the body.

Central Venous Pressure (CVP) Monitoring

Performed in critical care settings to monitor and guide fluid therapy, assess right heart function, and perform cardiac catheterization.

Bone Marrow Aspiration

Used to investigate the underlying cause of abnormal blood counts and diagnose cancers, blood disorders, infections, and evaluate treatment progress.

ECG Analysis

Detects and records the electrical activity of the heart, important for interpreting cardiac rhythm, conduction system abnormalities, and detecting myocardial ischemia.

Commonly Used Veins in CVP Insertion

The specific veins commonly used for central venous pressure monitoring.

ECG Lead Placement

The proper placement of leads on the body for conducting an electrocardiogram.

Subclavian Vein

A vein located at the junction of the lateral margin of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle with the upper border of the clavicle, which has lower infection rates but an increased risk of bleeding and catheter malposition.

Femoral Vein

A vein located superiorly by the inguinal ligament, laterally by the sartorius muscle, and medially by the adductor longus muscle, which is used when other sites are inaccessible or in emergency situations.

Posterior Superior Iliac Crest

A landmark used for bone marrow aspiration, which is readily accessible in spine surgery and has a decreased risk of pain and accessibility issues.

Posterior Anterior Iliac Crest

An alternate site for bone marrow aspiration when the posterior superior iliac crest is unapproachable or not available.

Sternum

A landmark targeted for aspiration in patients over the age of 12 years, providing ample material for aspiration but only 1 cm thick and cannot be used for core biopsy.

Right Tibia and Fibula

The features of the right tibia and fibula, including the superior articular surface, intercondylar tibiofibular joint, medial and lateral tibial condyles, medial and lateral malleolus, and the interosseous membrane.

ECG Lead Placement

The placement of electrodes for a 12-lead ECG, including leads II, VL, V2, V5, V1, V6, V3, V4, V3R, and V4R.

Basic Landmarks

Mid-clavicular line, anterior axillary line, mid-axillary line, manubrium, sternal angle, 2nd ICS rib, 4th and 5th ICS, costal cartilage, and costal margin.

Limb Electrodes

Placement of electrodes on the right arm, left arm, right leg, and left leg for ECG monitoring.

Chest Electrodes

Placement of electrodes V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6 for ECG monitoring.

Views Reflected on a 12-Lead ECG

Lateral, septal, anterior, and inferior views reflected on a 12-lead ECG, including the corresponding leads for each view.

CVP Monitoring

Normal and abnormal readings of central venous pressure (CVP), including the implications of different readings.

Bone Marrow Aspiration

A procedure in which a sample of bone marrow is taken for diagnostic purposes.

Eosinophils

A type of white blood cell that is involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

Basophils

A type of white blood cell that releases histamine and other chemicals involved in allergic reactions.

Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response.

Plasma Cell

A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies.

Monoblasts

Immature white blood cells that can develop into monocytes.

Mast cells

Cells that release histamine and other chemicals involved in allergic reactions.

Histiocytes

Cells that are part of the immune system and help to remove foreign substances from the body.

Pronormoblasts

Immature red blood cells that can develop into normoblasts.

Basiphilic

Referring to cells that have a strong affinity for basic dyes.

Polychromatic

Referring to cells that stain with both basic and acidic dyes.

Orthochromatic

Referring to cells that stain with acidic dyes.

Myeloid/Erythroid Ratio

The ratio of myeloid cells to erythroid cells in the bone marrow.

Macrophages

Cells that engulf and digest cellular debris and foreign substances.

Gaucher and Niemann-Pick Cells

Cells that are associated with certain genetic disorders.

Clump LD Bodies

Abnormal structures found in certain cells.

ECG Waves and Complexes

The different patterns seen on an electrocardiogram.

R-R Interval

The time between two consecutive R waves on an ECG.

PR Interval

The time between the start of the P wave and the start of the QRS complex on an ECG.

ST Segment

The flat, isoelectric section of the ECG between the end of the S wave and the start of the T wave.

P Wave

The first wave of the ECG, representing atrial depolarization.

QRS Complex

The complex on the ECG that represents ventricular depolarization.

T Wave

The wave on the ECG that represents ventricular repolarization.

U Wave

A small wave that sometimes appears after the T wave on an ECG.

PR Interval

The time between the start of the P wave and the start of the QRS complex on an ECG.

ST Segment

The flat, isoelectric section of the ECG between the end of the S wave and the start of the T wave.

QT Interval

The time from the start of the Q wave to the end of the T wave on an ECG.

Infection/Sepsis

A possible complication when performing central venous pressure monitoring, characterized by an infection in the bloodstream.

Thrombus

A possible complication when performing central venous pressure monitoring, characterized by a blood clot formation.

Air embolism

A possible complication when performing central venous pressure monitoring, characterized by the presence of air bubbles in the blood vessels.

Hematoma

A possible complication when performing central venous pressure monitoring or bone marrow aspiration, characterized by a localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels.

Cardiac tamponade

A possible complication when performing central venous pressure monitoring, characterized by the buildup of fluid in the pericardial space, affecting cardiac function.

Redness and swelling

A possible complication when performing bone marrow aspiration, characterized by inflammation and fluid buildup at the biopsy site.

Fever

A possible complication when performing bone marrow aspiration, characterized by an increase in body temperature.

Lead Misplacement

A possible complication when performing ECG computation and interpretation, characterized by incorrect placement of the ECG electrodes.

Electrode Defects

A possible complication when performing ECG computation and interpretation, characterized by damaged or faulty ECG electrodes.

Electrical Interference

A possible complication when performing ECG computation and interpretation, characterized by noise introduced into the ECG signal due to electrical devices or electromagnetic fields.

Midclavicular line

A reference point used for proper placement of ECG electrodes.

Midaxillary line

A reference point used for proper placement of ECG electrodes.

Nursing responsibilities

The tasks and duties of a nurse before, during, and after central venous pressure monitoring, bone marrow aspiration, and ECG computation and interpretation.

CVP monitoring

Central venous pressure monitoring, a procedure to measure the pressure in the central veins.

Bone marrow aspiration

A procedure to obtain a sample of bone marrow for diagnostic purposes.

ECG computation and interpretation

The process of analyzing and interpreting the electrical activity of the heart recorded by an electrocardiogram.1. Electrocardiogram (ECG):A test that measures the electrical activity of the heart.

Central Venous Pressure Monitoring

A procedure that measures the pressure in the central veins to assess fluid status and heart function.

Bone Marrow Aspiration

A procedure to collect a sample of bone marrow for diagnostic purposes.

ECG Procedure

A process of performing an electrocardiogram to assess the heart's electrical activity.

Rhythm

The pattern of electrical activity in the heart.

Rate

The number of heartbeats per minute.

P Wave

A waveform on an ECG that represents atrial depolarization.

QRS Complex

A waveform on an ECG that represents ventricular depolarization.

PR Interval

The time interval between the start of the P wave and the start of the QRS complex on an ECG.

QT Interval

The time interval between the start of the QRS complex and the end of the T wave on an ECG.

ST Segment

The interval between the end of the QRS complex and the start of the T wave on an ECG.

Sinus Rhythm

A normal heart rhythm originating from the sinus node in the heart.1. Sinus Tachycardia:Ventricular and atrial rate greater than 100 bpm in adults, regular rhythm, normal QRS shape and duration, normal and consistent P wave in front of QRS, PR interval between 0.12 and 0.20 seconds, P:QRS ratio of 1.1

Sinus Bradycardia

Ventricular and atrial rate less than 60 bpm in adults, regular rhythm, normal QRS shape and duration, normal and consistent P wave in front of QRS, PR interval between 0.12 and 0.20 seconds, P:QRS ratio of 1.1