(AP World) Unit 5: Revolutions

please acc study and dont just review this over and over

The Enlightenment

It was an intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding. People began to use rational thinking, and deeply thinking about things. Like, maybe this earthquake DIDN´T happen because the Gods are mad.

Rationalism

Using reason rather than emotion or external authority, is the most reliable source of knowledge (steps away from things like religion)

Empiricism

The idea that true knowledge can be gained through observations (causes the rise of atheists)

secularlism

The separation of the church and state. It was a belief that religion should have no part in the way we are governed.

Deism

This was popular amongst enlightenment thinkers, they believe that there was a God that created everything, but he just sits back and relaxes.

Atheism

The complete rejection of religious beliefs, and any notion of divine beings.

Individualism

The most BASIC element of society was the individual human and not societal groups; the opposite of collectivism which communism falls under.

Natural rights

The idea that everyone was born with certain rights that cannot be infringed by ANYONE

Nationalism

A sense of commonality based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often a desire for territory.

xenophobia

a fear or distrust of people from other countries or cultures.

Political Dissent

The widespread discontent with monarchist and imperial rule.

Good examples: American revolution, French revolution, and even the Haitian revolution fall under this. 

Popular sovereignty

The principle that the authority of a government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, often through elected representatives.

Democracy

a system of government in which the power lies with the people, typically through elected representatives and free elections.

Liberalism

a political ideology advocating for individual rights, civil liberties, and limited government intervention.

Effect of British Colonialism in America

The colonies got upset and began to protest for themselves. The British responded to this by limiting judiciary abilities and also started the courting of soldiers.

Effect of American Colonist Uprising

 Americans overthrow Briain became the idea of overthrowing, and everyone looked at what we did (the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence) and try to emulate that.

Examples of Revolution: The American Revolution (1776)

This led to the establishment of the United States. This inspired other nations to pursue independence and democratic governance.

Examples of Revolution: Haitian Revolution (1791)

Haiti was under French rule, so they got pissed and defeated the French.

Examples of Revolution: French Revolution (1789)

They were sick of their government, peasants got pissed and killed the king and Marie Antonette.

Examples of Revolutions: Latin American Revolution

In this revolution Simon Bolivar was THE George Washington for Latin Americans. He led various countries to independence from Spanish rule.

Industrial Revolution

the process by which states transitioned from primarily agrarian (agriculture) economies to industrial economies

Britain’s Success: Maritime

They had a bunch of rivers and canals, and they had proximity to waterways. They had waterwheels, and spinning jennings.

Had an abundant trade maritime empire, so they had a lot of access to raw materials that they wouldn't have otherwise. They had a lot of colonies around the world in India, Jamaica, etc.

Britain’s Success: Cuisine

They also had a surplus of food, newly introduced food thanks to the Columbian exchange allowed food like potatoes to be fired. More food = more healthy people.

Britain’s Success: Resources

They had a lot of coal that could be burned to allow steam engines. Steam engines were then used to move pistons, by heating water (and the water was heated using the burning of coal. They also got a lot of iron. 

Britain’s Success: Economics (Private Property)

They had laws to protect entrepreneurs. They also had laws protecting private property.

Britain’s Success: Economic (Accumulation of Money)

Accumulation of the capital during the slave trade, and even when it ended they had gotten a bunch of money. They got even more money by putting that money into investments through these private businesses.

Seed drill

An invention made by the English in the 18th century, properly places seeds in the ground.

Crop rotation

A method that prevents death of crops by alternating the type of crop planted in a particular area to improve soil health and fertility.

Steam machine

This is a machine that converts fossil fuels (coal)  into mechanical energy. Steam ships, trains, and other things were useful to connect the world into a global economy, since at the time there were only really sail boats.

Effect of Industrialization on Middle Eastern and Asian Countries

It faced a decline while European countries became more prevalent.

While Egypt could make one shirt in an hour for good quality, but Britain has a bunch for cheap. Quantity over quality played a big role, and industrialized countries began to dominate.

Industrialization: France

It took a little bit longer to industrialize because of their lack of coal and iron, but they were able to adapt rather quickly.

Industrialization: Britain

They did industrialize quickly and easily due to their easy access of resources and maritime. However, they experienced many social upheavals (a drastic change in society).

Industrialization: United States

They had some war problems, however they had good political stability. They had amazing natural production of population, but also migration. The territory was also massive, allowing for a lot of resources.

Industrialization: Russia

They knew if they didn’t industrialize they’d be left to fend for themselves. They adapted road and steam engine technologies. They got it going, and created the Trans-Siberian Railroad which stretched a lot. They then had a revolution in 1905 due to the state-driven affair to make people work.

Meji Restoration

When Japan defensively industrialized, by taking concepts and ideas that were Westernized to prevent being stopped on my European countries. For example, Japan adapted more Western clothes contrasted to the fact they used to previously wear more traditional Japanese garbs, such as kimonos.

First Industrial Revolution

Took place during the 1800s, the first industrial revolution was characterized by the fact it mostly concerned Great Britains advancements.

Second Industrial Revolution

This refers to time during the 19th and 20th century when countries other than Britain began to truly advance: Europe, US, Russia, and Japan

locomotives

Trains created during the industrial revolution that transported goods and passengers more efficiently across land, revolutionizing trade and travel. (hint: very very loco)

Suez Canal

It was established in 1869, and cuts through Egypt. It connects the Mediterranean and Indian ocean. It was direct, because it connected Asia and Europe. It was extremely important to trade and economics between Asia and Europe. Similar to the canal in Panama.

Oil’s Role In the Second Industrial Revolution

It was found in the 19th century, and during the second industrial revolution. It was a key mark, and the internal combustion engine was developed to harness gasoline. It leads to the creation of the automobile industry.

Impact of Industrial Revolution on the Environment

The Industrial Revolution significantly increased pollution and deforestation, leading to environmental degradation. It introduced industrial waste, which affected air and water quality, and contributed to climate change.

Steel

In the Bessemer process was when they combined iron with carbon and blasted hot air on it. In Japan, they did this for a long time, but now it is easier to do with machines and way less tedious. This steel was extremely strong and versatile.

Chemical Engineering

Using synthetic dyes allowed the making of a multitude of clothes. Rubber vulcanization was where they made rubber harder and more durable.

Electricity

It had a very significant impact, Thomas Edison made the lightbulb, and electric streetcars and subways made cities complex with street lights. Samuel Morse developed the telegraph, and eventually Morse Code, eventually a line was established.

Tanzimat Reforms