OTD 500 Midterm

Which of the following is NOT true regarding occupations:

 Occupation is always good and always leads to improved health and well-being.

What is the relationship between occupation and context?

Occupations take place in the context

What is the name, date, and place of where OT was founded?

1917, Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy, Consolation House, Clifton Springs, NY

What factors impact the development of OT?

Social movements, world events, key individuals

What is the most real in OT?

Ontology

What is Knowledge in OT

Epistemology

What is the right action in OT?

Axiology

When considering a systems framework, what are Micro-, Meso-, and Macro-systems?

Micro: Individual factors;

Meso: community and institutional influences;
Macro: society structures and policies

Our OT language come from World Health organization Internationalx Classification of (ICD or ICF) and Broad models and frameworks?

True

What are the benefits of being a member of a professional organization?

continuing education, evidence for practice, access to publications (OT Practice, AJOT), networking with other professionals, supporting advocacy efforts for the profession

How can clinicians and researchers partner to advance scholarship in OT?

Clinicians can help researchers develop dissemination methods that are relevant and meaningful to clinicians

What term refers to “the repertoire of what children choose at various times”, “the establishment of occupational patterns that begin at birth”, and “opportunities offered through participation in everyday life”?

Occupational Development

What, in the language of the life course perspective, is an event that can later alter the trajectory of a person’s life?

Turning Point

How are occupation, health, well-being, and inclusion interlinked?

occupation is essential for survival

Occupational balance refers to having a personally satisfying mix of occupations that promote health and well-being

True

What is a substrate of occupation?

Physical and Cognitive Attributes

Observable Aspects of Occupation

Quantitative

Experienced Aspects of Occupation

Qualitative

Micro Level Injustices

Occur at Interpersonal Level

Meso Level Injustices

Occurs through Organizations

Macro Level Injustices

population-level lifestyles, occupational
patterns, geopolitical relationships, policies, standard, & formal regulatory texts that oppress occupation across wide geographic areas

The right of all people to engage in meaningful occupations that contribute positively to their own well-being and the well-being of their community

Occupational Rights

 The ongoing awareness about the dynamics of hegemony, recognizing that dominant practices are sustained through what people do every day, has implications for both personal and collective health.

Occupational Consciousness

 Which of the following is not true regarding a family-centered approach?

Professionals make all decisons for client

How does disability impact the family?

It may disrupt routines and cause role changes

What is a specific and automatic behavior that is performed repeatedly?

Habits

Routines

higher-order habit; involves sequencing
& combining processes, procedures, steps, or
occupations; provide structure to daily life

Rituals

different from routines, strong elements
of symbolism, reflection of culture – religion,
holidays, significant transitions, special family
rituals

Roles

normative models for behavior shaped by culture and society

·      Which of the following is not a social determinant of health?

Genetics

·      What is an example of too little occupational balance?

o      a) Having time for work, play, rest

o      b) Feeling overwhelmed with work and no leisure time

o      c) Engaging in meaningful activities daily

o      d) Participating in balanced self-care and social life

Feeling overwhelmed with work and no leisure time

What is “the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, values, customs, lifeways, art, and all other product of human work than thought characteristics of a population of people that guide their worldview and decision making?

Culture

Where everyone is entitled to the same rights, resources, and opportunities as any other human being?

Equality

The tendency of people to put their own group at the center; to see things though the narrow lens of their own culture and use the standards of that culture to judge others?

Ethnocentrism

Individuals and groups have different
circumstances; to achieve the same outcome,
different resources and opportunities are
necessary

Equity

A process of openness and self-reflection after interacting willingly with diverse individuals

Cultural Humility

SOAP

Subjective

Objective

Assessment

Plan

Stereotyping

attributing certain characteristics to an entire
group of people

Mad Movement

Mental health movements, fighting against poor treatment or stigmatism

Self-Advocacy and Neurodiversity Movements

people speaking for themselves, autism rights, self- determination, advocates for a world that is accessible & accepting

Disability Justice Movement

looks at intersectionality of disability rights with
other issues, such as race, gender, sexuality

At-Homeness

a constellation of experiences,
meanings, & situations that relate to personal &communal senses of identity & belonging; taken-for-granted situation of feeling completely comfortable & intimately familiar with the world in which one lives
everyday life

Temporary Places

Displacement because of homelessness, natural disasters, war of violence, urban renewal’ feeling of long-term disconnection

3 Main elements of OT Process

Evaulation, Intervention, Re-evaluation

3 Main parts of OT Evaluation

Occupational Profile

Analysis of Occupational Performance

Target and Outcomes

Purpose of Reevaluation

To measure progress and determine if interventions or goals need to be changed

Predictive Assessment

One that predicts performance or risk based on set criteria

Descriptive Assessment

use test items to describe individuals within groups & characterize differences between individuals on attribute being measured

Norm-Referenced Assessment

One that compares a persons score to a standard norm

Criteria- Referenced Assessment

compare a person’s score against a predetermined standard

Test-Retest Reliability

Estimates the reliability or stability of measurements when the same test is given to the sample people after a period of time.

Inter-rater Reliability

Measures the consistency between two different raters?

Intra-rater reliability

Refers to the stability of data collected by one rater on two or more trials over time.

Internal Consistency

determines the degree of agreement between the items in a test that measures an underlying trait or construct

Face Validity

Validity indicates that a measure is being tested what tis supposed to and that the items are viewed as plausible

Usually determined by a formal assessment process that determines if experts in the content agree on the relevance of each test item

Content Validity

Construct Validity

Whether the assessment measures a construct and the theoretical components underlying the construct.

Criterion Validity

implies that the outcome of one assessment can be used as a substitute test for the established gold standard criterion test if the results of the new assessment concur with the gold standard

Ecological Validity

Implies that the outcome of an assessment can “hold up” in real-world circumstances

Occupation as Ends

Refers to engaging client in occupations that constitute endproduct of therapy

Occupation as Means

Occupation acting as therapeutic change agent to remediate impaired abilities or capacities

Health Literacy

The ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information to make decisons

Remediation

Aims to develop a skill that has not been developed

Compensation

Aims to find ways to revise current context or activity demands to support performance in natural setting

Prevention

an anticipatory action taken to reduce possibility of an event or condition from occurring or developing, or to minimize damage that may result from event or condition if it does occur

Maintenance

enables clients to preserve performance capabilities that they have regained & that continue to meet their occupational needs

Health Promotion

any planned combination of educational, political, regulatory, environmental, and organizational supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, families, communities, and populations

Therapeutic Use of Self

Should influence & inform all other interventions; planned use of personality, insights, perceptions, & judgments as part of therapeutic process

Palliative

Focuses on providing clients with relief from symptoms, pain, & stress of a serious illness, regardless of diagnosis

Educational

Used in both individual & group settings; OTs take on role of teacher & use education-based approaches

Professional Reasoning

Therapists use professional knowledge & skills to plan, direct, perform, & reflect on client care

Scientific Reasoning

applied logical & scientific methods – hypothesis testing, pattern recognition, theory-based decision-making, & statistical evidence

Diagnostic Reasoning

investigative reasoning & analysis of cause or nature of conditions

Procedural Reasoning

Considering & using intervention routines for identified conditions

Narrative Reasoning

imagining effects of illness, disability, or occupational performance problems on daily lives & creating a collaborative story

Pragmatic Reasoning

practical reasoning that fits therapy possibilities into current realities of service delivery

Ethical Reasoning

analyzing an ethical dilemma, generating alternative solutions, & determining actions

Conditional Reasoning

blending of all reasoning to flexibly respond to changing conditions

PICO

Write Clinical Question

Gather Evidence

Appraise Evidence

Using evidence in Practice

Moral Distress

A problem that occurs when practitioners know the right thing to do but cannot achieve it because of external barriers or uncertainty about the outcome

Ethical Dilemma

When an individual has obligations to do two things but cannot do both

Autonomy

Ability to act and freely on one’s own decisions

Beneficience

actions done on or for benefit of others

Nonmaleficence

Duty not to harm others

Fidelity

being faithful to one’s promises or commitments

Justice

air & equal treatment; proper distribution of benefits, burdens, resources

Veracity

Telling the truth

Virtue

moral goodness is achieved when behaviors are chosen for sake of virtue (caring & kindness) rather than obligation

Utilitarianism

actions that maximize good consequences & minimize bad consequences; morally right acts produce best overall results; ends justify means

Deontology

duty-based moral theory; one’s duty is considered primary, regardless of consequences; never keep truth from a patient

Forming

group members come together for first time;ambiguity & tentativeness; expect leader to provide direction; tasks defined

Storming

members organize & structure group tasks; leadership & power struggles; roles not yet clear

Norming

evolving into a cohesive entity; shared leadership; agreed-upon norms, procedures, & processes/ attempts to reach a consensus in decision-making & routines

Performing

period of high productivity; interdependence among group members who recognize & adapt to peers’ needs; roles are clear

Adjourning

completion of tasks; awareness that group will terminate soon; loss of relationships

Democratic Style

role of leader is to build decision-making process; decisions by consensus; group leader acts as a resource person; appropriate for highly autonomous groups

Autocratic Style

members may have cognitive or mental disabilities; more structure & guidance; leader makes decisions & gives group members directions

Laissez-faire Style

Leader provides supplies & needed information & leaves group alone; leader does not participate in group; decision-making belongs solely to group members

Multidisclipinary Teams

each professional is responsible for identifying & carrying out their own discipline-related evaluation &
intervention