UCSP Comprehensive Study Reviewer - Lessons $$2$$, $$3$$, and $$4$$

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering basic concepts in Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science, the elements of culture, cultural perspectives, and the historical development of human societies from evolution through modern structures.

Anthropology

The academic discipline whose core focus areas include traditions, beliefs, and human diversity, with the key word "CULTURE."

Sociology

The academic discipline focusing on social groups, institutions, and social interactions, with the key word "SOCIETY."

Political Science

The academic discipline focusing on power, governance, and public policy, with the key word "GOVERNMENT."

Culture

The shared way of life of a group of people, forming a complex whole including knowledge, beliefs, traditions, language, music, religions, festivals, food, and clothing.

Material Culture

Physical or tangible things created, used, and shared by people, such as clothing, food, tools, technology, and infrastructure.

Non-Material Culture

Intangible concepts, ideas, beliefs, values, and social norms shared by a society, including religion, morals, language, and laws.

Society

A group of people sharing a common territory, interacting with one another, sharing a culture, and working together to meet common needs.

Knowledge ($K$)

An element of culture consisting of information about the physical and social world.

Beliefs ($B$)

An element of culture consisting of ideas that people accept as true, such as religion.

Social Norms ($N$)

An element of culture consisting of rules and expectations regarding behavior in society.

Values ($V$)

An element of culture consisting of standards for what is considered good, right, and desirable.

Technology ($T$)

An element of culture involving the practical application of knowledge to make tools.

Cultural Variation

The differences in social behaviors and practices exhibited by different cultures, such as eating habits, greetings, clothing, and marriage practices.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is superior to others and using it as the standard to judge them.

Cultural Relativism

Understanding and respecting another culture based on its own context rather than judging it.

Enculturation

The process of learning one's own culture by growing up and learning the traditions of your family and community.

Acculturation

The process of adopting and incorporating some elements of another culture while maintaining one's original cultural identity.

Cultural Appreciation

The act of respectfully learning about, understanding, and valuing the practices of another culture.

Cultural Appropriation

Taking or using elements of another culture without proper understanding, permission, or respect, often leading to offense or exploitation.

Sociological Imagination

The ability to connect personal life experiences to wider social issues and forces.

Globalization

The growing integration and connectivity of world countries and cultures through technology, trade, and travel.

Stereotyping

Generalized and oversimplified beliefs about a specific group of people.

Prejudice

A negative judgment or attitude toward a person or group formulated without enough basis.

Discrimination

The unfair treatment of a person or group based strictly on their cultural background.

Alienation

The feeling of being isolated or excluded from society.

Social Apathy

A complete lack of concern or care regarding social issues.

Human Evolution

The gradual biological and adaptive change in living organisms over a very long period of time.

Australopithecus

An ancestor species famous for bipedalism, which is the ability to walk on two feet.

Homo habilis

Known as "Handy Man," this species was the first to make and use stone implements.

Homo erectus

Known as "Upright Man," this species discovered fire and was the first to migrate out of Africa.

Homo heidelbergensis

A species recognized as a skilled hunter that developed complex hunting in groups.

Homo neanderthalensis

A species that adapted to the cold and demonstrated cultural behaviors such as burying their dead.

Homo sapiens sapiens

Modern humans characterized by innovation, complex language, technology, and agriculture.

Neolithic Revolution

The transition period between the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages marked by the shift from hunting to farming/permanent settlements.

Paleolithic Age

Also known as the Old Stone Age, characterized by a nomadic way of life, hunting and food gathering, and unpolished, rough stone tools.

Neolithic Age

Also known as the New Stone Age, characterized by farming, animal domestication, permanent settlements, and the use of polished stone tools.

Hunting and Food Gathering Society

A completely nomadic society that relies entirely on hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants for survival.

Horticultural Society

A semi-nomadic society that grows crops using simple hand tools like digging sticks or hoes.

Pastoral Society

A society that relies on the domestication and herding of animals, such as sheep and goats, for food and transport.

Agricultural Society

A society that uses advanced farming techniques like plow cultivation, animal labor, and irrigation systems to produce massive food surpluses.

Industrial Society

A society driven by mechanization, factories, and the use of steam or fuel power for mass production.

Post-industrial Society

A society centered on computer technology, digital communication, services, and information-based knowledge.