247 practical 4

gonads

produce gametes and hormones

females: ovaries, eggs

males: testes, sperm

ducts

receive and transport gametes

females: fallopian tubes and uterus

males: epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts

epididymis function

sperm cells mature as travel through here to vas deferens

vas deferens function

sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts

ejaculatory ducts function

formed by union vas deferens and seminal vesicle ducts, carry sperm through prostate gland into urethra

accessory glands

secrete fluids into ducts

males: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland

females: Bartholin’s glands and Skene’s glands

seminal vesicles function

sugar and vitamin rich fluid, nourish sperm in semen

prostate gland function

secretes alkaline fluid thats part of semen

bulbourethral gland function

secretes mucus that becomes part of semen

perineal structures

collectively, external genitalia

gamete production males vs females

females 1 per month, retain and nurture zygote

males produce 100 million sperm / day

meiosis

produce sperm or eggs, cell splits twice, forming 4 daughter cells which have only ½ number of chromosomes as parent cell (haploid) hence egg + sperm = all 46 chromosomes

mitosis

single cell divides into 2 daughter cells, identical copies, new body cells

ureters

ampulla of ductus deferens

seminal vesicle

the one below pencil whoops

ejaculatory duct

prostate gland

bulbourethral gland

anus

epididymis

testis

scrotum

urinary bladder

pubic symphysis

ductus deferens

urogenital diaphragm

urethra

penis

glans penis

inguinal canal

penis

inguinal ligament

superficial inguinal ring

spermatic cord

external spermatic fascia

cremaster muscle wishing cremasteric fascia

internal spermatic fascia

layers of spermatic cord wall

dartos muscle

raphe

scrotum

testis

epididymis

structures within spermatic cord

testicular nerve

testicular artery

pampiniform plexus

ductus deferens

urinary bladder

ureter

testicular vein

testicular artery

ampulla

seminal vesicle

ejaculatory duct

prostate gland

prostatic urethra

bulbourethral gland

urogenital diaphragm

ductus deferens

epididymis

testis

penis

corpus cavernosum

crus

bulb

five cells of spermatogenesis

1. spermatogonia (stem cells) divide by mitosis to make 2 daughter cells. 1 stays as spermatogonium, other differentiates to primary spermatocyte

2. primary spermatocytes being meiois and form 2ndary spermatocytes

3. 2ndary spermatocytes differentiate into spermatids (immature gametes)

4. spermatids diff to spermatozoa

5. spermatozoa enter fluid in lumen, lose contact w wall seminiferous tubules

sperm pathway through testes and ducts

1. seminiferous tubules

2. rete testis

3. efferent ductules

4. epididymis

5. ductus deferens

6. ejaculatory duct

7. urethra

major functions male accessory glands

1. activate spermatozoa

2. provide nutrients to spermatozoa for motility

3. propel spermatozoa and fluids along reproductive tract (peristaltic contractions)

4. product buffers (counteract acidity of urethra and vagina)

components of ejaculate

1. spermatozoa

2. seminal fluid

   • 60% seminal glands, buffer, nourish, dilate so easy to uterus

   • 30% prostate, nourish and semen thinning so sperm mobile

   • 5% epididymis, proteins so sperm infertil til activated in female

   • 5% Bulbourethral glands, lube urethra and vagina

structure of sperm cells

head with acrosome cap, mid piece, tail (flagellum)

male hormone pathway

1. GnRH by hypothalamus, ant pituitary secretes FSH and LH

2. LH stim interstitial cells to secrete testosterone, FSH stims ABP so testosterone in testis high

3. testosterone stim spermatogensis, inhibit GnRH

4. rising sperm count levels = sustentacular cells secrete inhibin so less FSH

5. testosterone stim libido and development of 2ndary sex characteristics

ejaculation physiology

• Peristalsis: Rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in the male reproductive ducts (ductus deferens), which are triggered by a burst of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary.

• Seminal fluid formation: Accessory glands secrete fluids that mix with sperm to form semen.

• Internal urethral sphincter: Contracts to prevent urine from entering the urethra during ejaculation.

• Sympathetic innervation (from the lumbar splanchnic nerves): Coordinates the contractions of smooth muscle in the urethra wall to expel semen. This innervation is essential for ejaculation.

andropause

“male menopause” when men age, testosterone levels decrease. can lead to reduced testicular function

ureter

uterine tube

ovary

fimbriae of uterine tube

rectouterine pouch

cervix of uterus

rectum

vagina

anus

uterus

vesicouterine pouch

urinary bladder

pubic symphysis

urethra

clitoris

external urethral orifice

vaginal orifice

labium minus

labium majus

suspensory ligament of ovary

lumen of uterus

fundus of uterus

ovarian ligament

uterine tube

uterine tube