Leisure services exam 1 chapters 1-2,4

what are researchers saying about play

organic way of learning

what does unstructured play build

skills creating happy/productive adults

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enhance learning, self awareness and confidence

Plega in old english means

game/sport

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brisk activity

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skirmish/fight/battle

plaga in latin is

blow

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stroke (an instrument or striking a ball)

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thrust

plagen in old english is

frolic

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move about sportively

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divert/amuse yourself

dutch’s pleyen means

dance

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leap or joy

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rejoice/be glad

how did athenians view play

integral element of education

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means of positive character development and teaching the values of greek society

how did the church change the attitude towards play

was a social threat

what did froebel say about play and its importance

play is the purest, most spiritual activity

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a child will be able to become a thorough, determined man capable of self sacrifice for the promotion of the welfare of himself and others

what did vygotsky see in play

the child moves forward essentially through play activity

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play can ve termed a leading activity that determines the child’s development

what is the catharsis theory

play (competitive/active) serves as a safety valve for the expression of bottled-up emotions

surplus energy theory says that p

people have excess energy to use

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vital necessity for active play to help children and adults burn excess energy and provide a socially acceptable channel for aggressive or hostile emotions and drives.

the relaxation theory means that play is viewed primarily as a way to

energize a person who was exhausted--play can restore energy

preparation theory of play believes that

play is a means for children to practice adult life

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people learn teamwork and role playing in their play

self expression theory of play is defined as

play primarily as a result of the need for self-expression

who was the two physical educators that established the self expression theory

Elmer Mitchell and Bernard Mason

what does the stimulus arousal theory of play state

both humans and animals constantly seek stimuli of various kinds, both to gain knowledge and to satisfy a need for excitement, risk, surprise, and pleasure

what is the competence effectance theory

play is motivated by the need of the player to test the environment, solve problems, and gain a sense of mastery and accomplishment

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experimentation or information-seeking behavior: observes the environment, tests or manipulates it, and observes the outcome

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seeks to develop competence (interact effectively with environment)

what does effectance mean

be able to master the environment and, even when uncertainty about it has been resolved, to produce desired effects in it

*Csikszentmihalyi “Flow” Principle* is

play as a process in which ideally the player’s skills balance the challenge level of the tasks

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balance between skill and challenge results in what is called “flow.”

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sense of flow is a unique element in true play

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feeling of harmony and full immersion in play/lose their sense of time/surroundings

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altered state of being

what does motivation mean

internal/external element moving people towards a behaviour

what is the self determination theory (SDT)

humans are inherently motivated to grow and achieve and will fully commit to and engage in even uninteresting tasks when their meaning and value is understood

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focuses on intrinsic motivation

what two people came up with the sdt (they also outline 6 different types of motivation)

Edward L. Deci

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Richard M. Ryan

amotivation is when

performance done without any intention of doing so

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does it because the choice is beyond his control

extrinsic motivation is classified by

external force or reward makes people do the activity

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there is something to be gained by participating/completing it

introjected motivation is defined as

activity performance is done to alleviate guilt and anxiety or to enhance ego

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ie: not wanting to let people down, show off their skills, receiving admiration from fans

identified motivation is different from the other types in that

individual sees the value in the activity and gets something out of it

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ie: skill building, increasing physical fitness, weight loss

integrated motivation is defined as

performance of an activity matches the individual’s values and desires, there are external reasons as well

intrinsic motivation is seen when

performance of an activity for the behaviour itself and the feelings that result from the activity

in leisure services, ___________________ motivation is most desired

intrinsic

under what conditions is intrinsic motivation enhanced and more likely to occur

autonomy, competence, relatedness (belonging, connection, security)

how would you summarize physical motivators

control of obesity and preserving cardiovascular health

how do you define constraint

things keeping people from participating in leisure activities

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participating as much as they would like

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compromise the quality of participation

what is the most effective forms of physical activity

those that are most enjoyable to a given individual

what are the social motivators that the book mentions

being with others/reducing loneliness

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developing social norms among people

__% of all leisure activities are done alone, which indicates what

2

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people like to participate with others

what are some consequences of loneliness on the body/helath

depression

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obesity

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high blood pressure

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heart problems

A great deal of recreational involvement today is based on the need for

excitement and challenge

Adventure recreation is activity in the natural environment that has

challenge

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personal risk

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uncertainty

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reasonable chance for success

why do people choose some risky activities

there is inherent risk

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adrenaline rush/thrill

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challenge

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risk perception decreases and perception of skill increases (less scared, better skills)

how does dr. hans selye define stress

body response to any extreme demand made upon it

how did the romans and greeks view leisure

root of happiness

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something enjoyed by those who did not have to work

in contrast to the romans and greeks, how does today’s society view leisure

something for all

define the work ethic/views of baby boomers (1940-64)

live to work

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hav ing strong work ethics

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working long hours and weekends

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recognized for a job well done by working long hurs

How does generation X see work

work productivity is important, not at the expense of leisure, family, friends

what are the millennial’s view about work and leisure

works to live

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job to make money and do things they really want to do

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involved in numerous leisure activities all their life

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sees the value of leisure

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not prefer to work excessive hours

how is emotional health typified

positive self esteem/concept

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deal with stress

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ability to control emotions/behaviours

why is leisure activity important for emotional health/well being

pleasure/satisfaction

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outlet for discharging emotions (reduces emotional distress/mental illness)

what did abraham maslow stress

self actualization

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need for individuals to achieve their fullest degree of creative potential

what are physiological needs

survival

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food, rest, shelter, sleep, etc

safety needs encompass the following

health and well being

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physical safety from danger/threats

social needs is

love/belonging

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association with others

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friendship

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intimacy

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family connection

esteem needs are defined as

self esteem

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confidence

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recognition/attention

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achievement

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respect for and of others

what is self actualization

need for being creative and for realizing one’s maximum potential in variety of life spheres, and the need for spontaneity

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi developed the flow theory. What did he say

people are most happy/content when they reach a state of flow

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flow occurs when the challenge and skill in an activity are in synch with each other

describe what Lyubomirsky and colleagues learned

happiness generates many positive rewards

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positive state of mind, higher marriage success rates, more friends/social connections, superior work outcomes, increased mental health, more activity/energy, experiencing flow more often

Lyubomirsky and colleagues say that happiness comes from three sources, what are they

50% of happiness established by genetics (set with little chance of changing it)

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10% by circumstances we find ourselves in

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40% actions we purposefully do

Jordan, Gagnon, Anderson, and Pilcher found out the following

participation in leisure education can contribute to the life satisfaction of college students when they found an increase in both school and student life satisfaction and greater level of self esteem

how can (physical) play contribute to intellectual growth

mental and cognitive performance more effective

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relationship of physical fitness and academic performance

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creative and inventive thinking among children

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logic

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relationship building

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learning

what does josef pieper say about leisure and spirituality

humans are able to express their fullest and best selves

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Leisure can be a time for contemplation, for consideration of ultimate values, for disinterested activity

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people can come together simply as people sharing the many aspects of life

Jensen and Guthrie suggest what

nature based recreation is a spiritual source that can help people navigate through life

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spirituality often represents a person’s higher nature (morals and respect for humanity, environment, earth)

define serious leisure

the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer activity sufficiently substantial and interesting for the participant to find a career there in the acquisition and expression of a combination of its special skills, knowledge, and experience

how is casual leisure different from serious leisure

immediately, intrinsically rewarding, relatively short-lived pleasurable activity requiring little or no special training to enjoy it

what are the 6 defining qualities of serious leisure

perseverance

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leisure career

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significant effort

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durable outcomes

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unique ethos

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identification with the pursuit

what does perseverance mean when it comes to serious leisure

persistently persevere through adverse conditions over time

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willing to overcome negatives because of the positives they get from the activity

leisure career in regards to serious leisure means

has stages of achievement

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work to improve and achieve set goals

how does significant effort relate to serious leisure

developing special knowledge, skills, or abilities

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effort that is beyond the ordinary skill development of casual leisure

when it comes to serious leisure, how is durable outcomes associated with this type of leisure

the activity may not be fun at times, but the skills people are developing are used and these outcomes emerge and make the activity more positive for the individual

what does unique ethos mean in terms of serious leisure

subculture among those who participate

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share similar ideals, values, norms, and beliefs pertaining to the activity

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social relationships/networks emerge, focusing on the pursuit

identification of the pursuit is defined by

individual strongly identifies with the activity

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proud and committed

leisure is not always done for the person’s well being true or false

true

define deviant/taboo leisure

leisure behavior that is restricted by law or society’s norms

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may be entirely legal but have harmful impacts that might not be initially evident

how can we identify casual deviant leisure

rooted in sensory simulation and the desires it invokes

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ie: drinking, gambling

play as a social necessity states that

organized play opportunities that served as an alternative to the difficult life children living in poverty faced.

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describe huizinga’s theories of play and culture

play pervades all of life

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voluntary activity, marked by freedom and never imposed by physical necessity or moral duty

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Play is controlled, special sets of rules, and it demands absolute order. It is also marked by uncertainty and tension

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it is not concerned with good or evil, although it has its own ethical value in that its rules must be obeyed.

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two kinds of activity: contests for something and representations of something

what are the 4 major types of play that Roger caillois coined

agon

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alea

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mimicry

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ilinx

what is agon play

competitive

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equality of the participants’ chances of winning is artificially created (due to skill and other player qualities)

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ie: sports/card games (table games too)

how is alea play different to agon play

games of chance

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contestant’s outcome is not controllable

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winning due to fate rather than skill/qualities of the players

mimicry play is

acceptance of illusions or imaginary universes

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players make believe, or make others believe, that they are other than themselves

what is ilinx play

pursuit of vertigo or dizziness

what are the 2 contrasting styles of play behaviour that caillois also termed

paidia: exuberance, freedom, and uncontrolled and spontaneous gaiety

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ludus: rules and conventions and represents calculated and contrived activity

Stuart brown say that these following properties are apart of play

purposeless (done for its own sake)

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voluntary

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inherent attraction (fun)

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freedom from time

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diminished consciousness of self

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improvisational potential

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continuation desire

what does the aap argue as to why play is important

essential to prosocial brain development of youth,

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vital resource for building healthy relationships between youth and their caregivers

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prompts self-expression, creativity, imagination, and self-confidence

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learn to interact with others through cooperative, sharing, and conflict-resolution activities

what did sigmund freud say about play and development

children are able to gain control and competence and to resolve conflicts that occur in their lives

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Through play, they are able to reexperience threatening events and thus to control and master them

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play and dreams serve a therapeutic function for children--play represented the child’s way of dealing with reality

james murphy and coauthors identified recreational behaviours, what are they

socializing behaviours: people relating with one another

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associative: grouping together because of common interest

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competitive: competing against the environment/own limitations

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risk taking

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exploratory behaviours: pursuits opening up new environments to the participant

Gray and Greben suggest that leisure should __________________________

not be considered simply as a form of activity

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recreation should be perceived as the outcome of participation—a “peak experience in self-satisfaction” that comes from successful participation in any sort of enterprise.

describe aristotle’s view of leisure

a state of being in which activity is performed for its own sake.

this should be noted about leisure

leisure cannot be a privilege reserved for the few; instead, it must be widely available to all.

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It must exist side by side, and integrated, with work that is respected in our society, and it should have a meaningful relationship to work

define discretionary time in regards to leisure

time that is not used for work obligations and personal maintenance--excludes time devoted to essential life-maintenance activities, such as sleep, eating, and personal care

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most important characteristic is that it lacks a sense of obligation or compulsion

what can be said about leisure as an activity

activity in which people engage during their free time or nonwork activities

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we cannot discount activities that are strenuous or that have productive outcomes as possibilities for leisure

leisure as a spiritual expression is when

contributes to spiritual expression or religious values

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understanding of the values that drive a person, and the meaning people assign to their lives

what does it mean leisure as a state of mind

leisure involvement in helping the individual achieve personal fulfillment and self-enrichment

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where is it that we see the first time in history a leisure class

middle east during the 5 millennia before the christian era

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upper class division

describe leisure in ancient egypt, assyria and babylonia

egyptians: sports for education and recreation, music, drama, dances,

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assyria and babylon: boxing, wrestling, archery, table games, dancing, music, banquets, hunting

describe leisure in ancient israel

music and dancing

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hunting, fishing, wrestling

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sword and javelin events

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leisure: set aside the sabbath

describe leisure in ancient greece

arts, learning, althletics

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music, poetry, theater, gymnastics, athletic competition

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play activity was essential to the healthy physical and social growth of children

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town planning

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Olympic Games

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festivals

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drama, singing, dance

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play for aesthetic/spiritual reasons

what did leisure and recreation look like in ancient rome

sports/gymnastics/games

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worship games/annual festivals

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play for utilitarian reasons

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systematic planners/builders, more so than the greeks

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bread and circuses

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entertained/follow daily routine exercise, bathing, eating

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acrobats, musicians, dancers, other artists became entertainers and amusers

what were some of the past times that were seen in the middle ages

knights: hunting/hawking

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games.gambling

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music/dance

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sport/jousting

what are some games of the common people

feasts

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sports

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joking

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throwing weights

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cockfighting/bull baiting/lively games

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drinking/brawling

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sightseeing/entertainment

how did the renaissance change play/recreation

revived interest in the scholarship, philosophy, and arts of ancient Greece and Rome

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new freedom of thought/expression

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more rational and scientific view of life

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expansion of commerce and travel

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painters, sculptors, musicians, dancers, and dramatists.