comm

* Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

\-social or belonging

\-have to go bottom to top

\-practical needs (use comm to get what we want)

* Types of Noise

\-physical: channel-not much control over (external)

\-physiological: bio processses-ebb+flow, have control (internal)

\-psychological: most problematic, thoughts/unseen (internal)

\-semantic: 2 people applying different meanings to the same thing-more you know person less likely (internal)

* Principles of Communication

\-unavoidable

\-symbolic

\-learned

\-involves ethics

\-unrepeatable (messages are repeatable, impact/effect isnt)

\-content (info) vs realtional (how commicated-tone/channel/duration, nonverbal, what else is being communicated)

\-(un)intentional

\-irreversible

* Self-monitoring

both effectiveness+approprieate

(achieve desired result, enhavnce relationship)

* Transactional Model Diagram

\-both send+recieve

\-simultaneous

\-environemnt (beliefs, values, etc), overalp:similariteis (all relationships start with none)

* Receiver(s)/Audience Size

* Masspersonal Communication

\-unseen

\-personal context

\-larger unseen audience

\-less mutual obligation

\-low expectation of privacy (bigger audience)

* A/Synchronous Communication

asynch→synch (real time)

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* Disinhibition

* Nomophobia

fear/anxiety of being without phone

* Hyperpersonal

accelerated personal info sharing (relationship forms faster, vs in person, on sided relationship-so much at once)

* Message Richness

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* Low/High Context

\-high: indirect, nonverbals, maintain social harmony

\-low: direct, specific, no reading between lines

* Achieve/Nurturing

\-achievement: material, competitive-not enouhg to go around, voice opinions

\-nurturing: relationships, help others, keep opinions reserved

\-where is value placed?

* Power Distance

\-acceptance of unequal power distribution

\-low: minimal class distinction, democray, equal power distribution

\-high: one leader-people follower, older=power, repsect high status

* Ethnocentrism

viewing youre culture as superior, evaluating by youre culture standards=either way yours wins, precents growth

* Individualism/Collectivism

\-individualism: stand out, pride, private>public

\-collectivism: group preference, group involvement-more empathy, importance of duty

\-responsibility to self or others

* Co-culture

perception of membership that is part of a larger culture

* Social Identity

self concept based on group memberships

* Uncertainty Avoidance

\-defree of percieved threat (confusing-more confused=more avoidance-reflect group comm)

\-how to avoid

\-low: seek new interactions

\-high: avoids unuasal, desire for predictablility

* Social Comparison

evaluating ourselves compared to others (in vs out groups)

* Identity Management

\-communiate sense of self with others

\-percieved self (private)

\-presenting self (public-socially approve want others to see)

\-face work (mask)

* Risks/Benefits of Self-Disclosure

\-benefits: catharsis, self clarification (does tis thought process of mine make sese to outisde), self validation, reciprocity, idenitty mangaemnt, relationships, moral obligation

\-risks: total rejection, negative impression, relational decrease, loss of influence, loss of control, hurt others

* Alternatives to Self-Disclosure

\-silence (can give a chance for someone to voice thoughts)

\-lying (ommission-only disclosing certain)

\-equivocation (2+ equally possible meanings)

\-hinting (other person ability to connect)

\-evasion (disclosure would do more harm than good)

* Social Penetration Theory

\-onion metaphore

\-breadth (not one dimmensional-varity)

\-depth (layers)

\-assumes you know everthing about youreself

\-self dsiclosed

\-if person leaves takes info with them-leaves gap, closes over time (rush right into relationship to fill-info dump)

\-LAYERS (out-middle): cliches, facts (verifiable), opinions, feelings

* Johari Window

\-who finds out

* Perceptual Schema

cognitive framework (physicalhole, interaction style, phsych stae/mood)

* Perception Process Steps

\-select inforation (usable vs not/not pay attention to)

\-organize (arrange data in meaning ful way to use in future)

\-interpret (relational satisfaction, personal experiences, personality, assumptions, online vs inperson)

(create first order, internal)

\-negotiation (external-between communicators, influence perception via comm, exchange of naratives/first order realities-only way we can look at world, (clashing narratives- dont look for common ground, personal bias) (shared naratives-if enough people, gives power))

* Self-serving Bias

* Physiological Influences (perceptions)

\-senses

\-age

\-health/fatigue

\-hunger

\-biological cycles

\-neurobehavioral challenges

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* Perception Checking Process

\-describe behavior

\-two interpretations (can have more, not factual-possinilities)

\-ask for clarification (shows understading)

(characterists: cooperative, face saving)

Syntactic/Semantic rules \n

Subjective nature of language

Euphemisms \n

Relative Language \n

Abstraction \n

Static Evaluations \n

Evaluative/Emotive language

Ambiguous language \n

“It” Language

* Ambiguous

* Personal space

* Kinesics

* Paralanguage

\-tone, rate, pitch, pause

* Barrier Behavior

back up, object, turn,

* Physical Environment

* Halls Interaction Zones Diagram

sender

origin of message

channel

send message through (connect send+recieve, not all equal, traded effectiveness ofr conviencenece)

context

environment message sent in (physical, cultural, social-emotional, historical)

interactional model

adds feed back (send to reciever+back through a channel)

why we communicate

\-physical needs

\-identity needs

\-social needs

\-practical needs

misconceptions of comm

\-always a good thing, seeks understading, more is better, solves problems, natural, common sense, always face to face

interpersonal communication

\-strategic (want something) process (concious vs unconsiuos, want to get back in) of message transation (co-create, overlap) between people to create+sustain shared meaning (extracting)

\-strategic efforst we make to better unstand+exchange

quanititavie

between 2 people, daily, impersonal

qualitative

treating as unique regardless of context/number involved (relies on how we treate each others, characterists)

commuication competence

\-effectiveness (large repertoir of skills, adaptablity)+appropriate (enhance hte realtionship-involvement, emphathy, cognitive complexity)--both: selfmonitoring, no ideal, must be able to adapt, situational, can be learned, characteristics

connection

relationship enhancement, supplement, ease in creation, sustain connection

alienation

replace online with inperson, health threats, substituting, vicious cycle

superficial

“friends”, echo chamber

meaningful

like minded, strength, stave off loneliness (certain extent)

healthy

connectedness (constant), social support, feedback

unhealthy

sleep deprication, depresion, self esteem

moderation is key

balance, underuse, active vs passive, known vs unknown

socail media

tech channels that make remote comm possible

mediated comm competence

\-types of channels (lack nonverbals/rich noncerbals) (asychronous/synched)

\-hyperpersonal comm

\-permanence

\-relational quality

\-repsect privacy boundaries

\-civil tone

\-communcators+environments

\-be mindful

\-balance mediate+in person

culture

shared personal+learned life experience of group individuals who have common set of values+norms+tradions

in group

groups we id with

out group

dont identify with

intercultural comm

different groups mements exchange+influence (salience-weight we attatch in intercultureal exchanges)

challanges of culture

\-sterotypes: fixed image, individual represents whole group

\-social categories (race, age)

codes

\-language

\-verbal codes (direct, precision, formatility)

\-code-switching

\-microagressions

competence (culture)

\-motivational+attitude

\-tolerance for ambignity/unknown

\-open-minded/culture respect

\-knowldge+skill

\-patience+perserverance

\-be prepared for consequences

\-relate to indivuals not cultures

self-concept

relatively stable set of percaptions about self

self-esteem

evaluaitons of self worth, tied to self concept

developing self concept

\-created by refelcted apparaisals (mirror others around you)

\-significatn others (others who influence you)

\-michelangelo phenomenon

\-social comparisons (evaluating ourselves compared to others)

\-reference groups (people we use to evaluate our own characterists)

why study interpersonal

\-new outlook

\-new meaning

\-time

\-improvemnet

trends

stay with gorup (america low side: individualistic, low power distance+uncertainty avoidance, acheivemnet based)

characteristics of self concept

\-subjecitve (distortion-missing info/distorted feedbakc)

\-multifacetaed

\-resetant to change (in terms of positive info-cognitive conservation)

self fulfilling prophecies

\-expectations+subsequent behaviors make an evnt more likely to occure

\-expectation, align behaviior, event fruition, reinforce og expecgations

\-types: self imposed, imposed bu othres, communcaiton of expectaitions

self disclosure

\-purposely revealing info about self

\-honest, relevatory (cant guess, deeper/personal), availablity of infor (more people have acess=less), context of sharing

SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY

\-(very middle) feelings

\-opinions

\-facts (verifyable)

\-cliches

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(gap-closes over time, leaves line-some deeper than others)

guidelines for self disclosure

\-how important is other person

\-is risk reasonable

\-is self discloure appropriate

\-will effect be contrusctive

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first order rality (perceptions)

physical-senses

2nd order reality

attach meaning to someones first order (judgements form)

social influesnce on perceptions

\-standpoint theory: posiiton in society shape your views

\-sex/gender roles

\-psych sex types

\-occupational roles

\-realtional roles

\-psych

\-culture+co-culutre

\-acess to info

tendencies in perceptions

(-attach meaning (attribution))

\-snap judgemnts,

\- first impressions (halo/horns effect, primary/recency effect, confimraiton bias)

\-give ourselves bennetif of doubt

empathy

recreating anothers persepective

\-emotional contagion: emoitons transferred from one person to another

\-value

\-ethios (civility, intervention, rehab)

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requirements: openmind, imagnination, commitment

language is symbolic

language is governed by grammar rules

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language is subjective

\-triangle of meaning (word cat+brain=mental image of cat)

(meaning in people not htings)

language+worldview

\-no english equivilent

convergence

match

divergence

emphasize differences

powerless

tentative, indirect, hesitations

powerful

direct, forecful, assertions

polite

save face (depends on social norms of culuter)

\-isms

stigmas, stop by subsituting nueutral terms

precision and vagueness

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language of responsibliity