BIOL 314 final exam

nitrogenous bases are united by
a. amino acid linkages
b. peptide bonds
c. hydrogen bonds

c

a purine on one DNA strand is always bound to a ____ on the other
a. sugar
b. pyrimidine
c. phosphate

b

Adenine bonds to thymine with
a. one hydrogen bond
b. two hydrogen bonds
c. three hydrogen bonds
d. four hydrogen bonds

b

cytosine and guanine bond to each other with
a. one hydrogen bond
b. two hydrogen bonds
c. three hydrogen bonds
d. four hydrogen bonds

c

a segment of DNA coding for the synthesis of a specific RNA molecule
a. genome
b. gene
c. chromosome
d. chromatid

b

all the genes on one person
a. genome
b. gene
c. chromatid
d. chromosome

a

humans have about
a. 500 genes
b. 1,000 genes
c. 10,000 genes
d. 20,000 genes

d

genes account for about
a. 1% of total DNA
b. 7% of total DNA
c. 2% of total DNA
d. 5% of total DNA

c

noncoding DNA
a. does not code for a gene
b. is the minority of total DNA
c. plays a role in chromosome structure
d. regulates gene activity
e. a, b, c
f. a, c, d

when preparing to divide cells
a. make a copy of all nuclear DNA
b. selects what DNA to copy
c. grows but doesnt copy DNA
d. stay the same

a

when each chromosome consists of two parallel filaments of identical DNA they have
a. genes
b. genome
c. chromosomes
d. sister chromatids

d

chromatids are joined at constricted
a. midsections
b. centromeres
c. centrosomes

b

protein plaques on each side of centromere
a. kinetochores
b. intron
c. exon
d. filament

a

an information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA that plays a role in synthesizing one or more proteins
a. genome
b. gene
c. chromosome
d. sister chromatids

b

amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by
a. the nucleotide sequence in the DNA
b. the digestion of certain amino acids
c. the envirionment

a

all the DNA in one 23-chromosome set
a. genes
b. intron
c. exon
d. genome

d

46 human chromosomes come
a. from each parent
b. in two sets of 23 chromosomes
c. from one parent primarily
d. a, b
e. b, c

d

the study of the whole genome and how its genes and noncoding DNA interact to affect structure and function of the whole organism
a. heredity
b. genomics
c. karyotyping

b

a single gene can code for
a. one type of protein
b. only a couple proteins
c. many different proteins

c

on average, a gene is
a. 600 bases long; up to 3,000 bases long
b. 2,500 bases long; up to 100,500 bases long
c. 3,000 bases long; up to 2.4 million bases long
d. 5,000 bases long; up to 6.3 million bases long

c

account for all human genetic variation
a. parents
b. vastly different genes
c. combinations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms
d. diease

c

transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring
a. karyotype
b. birth
c. heredity
d. genetics

c

chart of 46 chromosomes laid out in order by size
a. karyotype
b. gene mapping
c. genotyping

a

the two members of each 23 pair of chromosomes can be called
a. genotypes
b. chromosome pairs
c. homologous chromosomes

c

the 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes that carry the same genes and look alike are called
a. duosomes
b. sister chromatids
c. autosomes

c

describes any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes (somatic cells)
a. diploid 2n
b. haploid n

a

describes cells containing half as many chromosomes (23 unpaired) as somatic cells
a. diploid 2n
b. haploid n

b

somatic cells that are sperm and egg
a. diploid
b. haploid
c. sex cells
d. germ cells

d

sex cell (sperm or egg)
a. gamete
b. somatic cell

a

the process of making a gamete
a. mitosis
b. meiosis

b

portions of homologous chromosomes are exchanged
a. during fertilization
b. during ovulation
c. during crossing over

c

the location of a particular gene on a chromosome
a. kinetechore
b. centromere
c. locus
d. alleles

c

different forms of gene at same locus on two homologous chromosomes
a. mutation
b. allele
c. phenotype

b

if present, corresponding trait is usually seen in the individual; masks effect of recessive allele; often produces protein responsible for visible trait
a. recessive allele
b. dominant allele

b

corresponding trait only seen when recessive allele is present on both homologous chromosomes; often codes for a nonfunctional variant of the protein
a. recessive allele
b. dominant allele

a

alleles as individual possesses for a particular trait
a. phenotype
b. genotype

b

an observable trait
a. genotype
b. phenotype

b

both alleles are equally dominant; both alleles are phenotypically expressed (EX: AB blood type)
a. codominance
b. incomplete dominance

a

heterozygous individual shows phenotype intermediate between traits each allele would have produced alone (EX: horse colors)
a. codominance
b. incomplete dominance

b

genes at two or more loci contribute to a single phenotypic trait (EX: eye color, skin color, some cancer)
a. polygenic inheritance
b. pleiotropy
c. sex linkage
d. penetrance

a

one gene produces multiple phenotypic effects (EX: alkaptonuria - disorder resulting from mutation on chromosome 3 that blocks the breakdown of tyrosine)
a. polygenic inheritance
b. pleiotropy
c. sex linkage
d. penetrance

b

carried on X or Y chromosomes, and therefore tend to be inherited by one sex more than the other autosomes (EX: color blindness)
a. penetrance
b. pleiotropy
c. sex linkage

c

percentage of population exhibiting expected phenotype (EX: dominant polydactyly allele only causes extra digits in 80% of those who have it)
a. environmental effects
b. penetrance
c. pleiotropy

b

EX: genes for melanin eye pigment can only be fully expressed if phenylalanine is in diet
a. epigenetics
b. dominant and recessive alleles
c. polygenic inheritance
d. environmental factors

d

(ToF) dominant alleles must be more common in the gene pool than recessive alleles

false

field examining non genetic changes that alter gene expression and can be passed to offspring; gene expression is changed without genetic mutation to base sequence
a. environmental analysis
b. mutagenics
c. epigenetics

c

mechanism of epigenetic change in which methyl groups are added to DNA; often silences the gene; inappropriate DNA methylation implicated in some forms of cancer
a. DNA epigenetics
b. carcinomic epigenetics
c. DNA methylation

c

(gonads) produce gametes (testes or ovaries)
a. primary sex organs
b. secondary sex organs

a

organs other than gonads that are necessary for reproduction; male - system of ducts, glands (penis delivers sperm cells); female - uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina receive sperm and harbor developing fetus
a. primary sex organs
b. secondary sex organs

b

located in the perineum; externally visible (except accessory glands of female perineum)
a. external genitalia
b. internal genitalia

a

located in the pelvic cavity; except testes and some associated ducts in the scrotum
a. external genitalia
b. internal genitalia

b

features that distinguish the sexes and influence mate attraction
a. external genitalia
b. internal genitalia
c. secondary sex characteristics
d. primary sex characteristics

c

develop at puberty: pubic and axillary hair and their associated scent gland, and the pitch of the voice
a. male
b. female
c. both

c

hormone that initiates ovulation
a. LH
b. FSH
c. estradiol
d. progesterone

a

develop at puberty: facial hair, coarse and visible hair on the torse and limbs, relatively muscular physique
a. male
b. female
c. both

a

develop at puberty: distribution of body fat, breast enlargement, and relatively hairless appearance of the skin
a. male
b. female
c. both

b

inhibin only downregulates
a. progesterone
b. estradiol
c. FSH
d. LH

sexual reproduction is _____, meaning offspring receives genes from two parents. Offspring ____ genetically identical to either one
a. biparental; are
b. biparental; are not
c. diparental; are
d. diparental; are not

b

male and female _____ combine their genes to form a ____
a. chromosomes; sex cell
b. chromosomes; zygote
c. gametes; sex cell
d. gametes; zygote

d

gamete with motility
a. zygote
b. egg
c. sperm
d. sex cells

c

gamete that contains nutrients for developing embryo
a. ovum (egg)
b. sperm
c. zygote
d. sex cell

a

parent producing sperm is considered
a. female
b. male

b

parent producing eggs is considered
a. male
b. female

b

anyone lacking a Y chromosome is
a. male
b. female

b

parent with a Y chromosome (needs to contain an SRY region) is
a. male
b. female

a

copulatory organ for introducing their gametes into the female reproductive system
a. penis
b. testes
c. sperm

a

copulatory organ for receiving the sperm
a. uterus
b. cervix
c. labia
d. vagina

d

Y chromosomes
a. are smaller than the X chromosome
b. are larger than the X chromosome
c. have a sex determining region (SRY)
d. do not have a sex determining region (SRY)
e. a, c
f. a, d

e

XX with SRY region
a. Klinefelter syndrome
b. Jacob's Syndrome
c. Sterile males with effeminate appearance
d. androgen insensitivity

c

XXY/XXXY
a. triple X syndrome
b. klinefelter syndrome
c. jacob's syndrome
d. androgen insensitivity

b

1 in 800 births; sterile male with effeminate appearance. cognitively average with XXY, delayed with XXXY
a. triple X syndrome
b. Jacob's syndrome
c. klinefelter syndrome
d. androgen insensitivity

c

1 in 1,000 births. Fertile female with "older" appearance. Physically larger, cognitively average
a. Klinefelter syndrome
b. Triple X syndrome
c. Jacob's syndrome
d. Androgen insensitivity

b

1 in 1,000 births. Sterile male, physically taller than average. Cognitively average
a. Klinefelter syndrome
b. Triple X syndrome
c. Jacob's syndrome
d. Androgen insensitivity

c

1 in 20,000 births. Male chromosomes, have SRY region, but cells lack the ability to respond to male sex hormones. Partial (hermaphrodite) or complete
a. Klinefelter syndrome
b. Triple X syndrome
c. Jacob's syndrome
d. Androgen insensitivity

d

what type of bond forms between nitrogenous bases?
a. peptide
b. phosphodiester
c. hydrogen
d. covalent

c

where are the chromatids joined at?
a. centromere
b. kinetochores
c. introns
d. exons

a

all the DNA in one 23-chromosomes set is a:
a. gene
b. genome
c. karyotype
d. chromatid

b

which of the following is NOT true?
a. humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
b. diploid cells are somatic cells, while haploid cells are germ cells
c. a phenotype is an observable triat
d. the process of making a gamete is mitosis

d

Type AB blood, where both alleles are dominant, is an example of which type of inheritance?
a. codominance
b. incomplete dominance
c. polygenic inheritance
d. sex-linked

a

the dominant polydactyly allele causes people to have extra digits, but only appears in 80% of those who have it. what is this situation an example of?
a. penetrance
b. environmental factors influencing gene expression
c. epigenetics
d. DNA methylation

a

(ToF) correct DNA base pairing is A-T and C-G

true

(ToF) a single gene can only code for a single protein

false

(ToF) homozygous refers to two identical alleles for a trait

true

(ToF) sex-linked traits can only be carried on the X chromosome

false

(ToF) gene expression can only be changed with genetic mutation

false

which of the following is a primary sex organ?
a. penis
b. uterus
c. vagina
d. gonads

d

which secondary sex characteristic is commonly shown in both sexes?
a. facial hair
b. vocal pitch change
c. breast enlargement
d. distribution of body fat

b

which of the following is NOT true?
a. female development of a fetus occurs strictly because estrogen is present
b. a zygote has a combination of both parents' genes
c. the penis and vagina are copulatory organs
d. the SRY gene codes for TDF, and initiates development of testes

a

there are exceptions to the typical XX/XY genotype. which of the following indicates Klinefelter Syndrome?
a. XXY/XXXY
b. XXX
c. XYY
d. XY with androgen insensitivity

a

which of the following structures becomes the glans penis or glans clitoris?
a. genital tubercle
b. urogential folds
c. labioscrotal folds

a

(ToF) external genitalia are located in the perineum

true

(ToF) human offspring are not genetically identical to either parent

true

(ToF) in males, the paramesonephric ducts develop into the reproductive tract

false

(ToF) the female reproductive tract develops because of the absence of testosterone and MIF

true

(ToF) the penis is homologous to the clitoris

true

this structure separates sperm from the immune system
a. spermatic cord
b. tunic albuginea
c. seminiferous tubules
d. blood-testis barrier (BTB)

d

this structure is the site of sperm maturation
a. efferent ductules
b. epididymis
c. ductus (vas) deferens
d. ejaculatory duct

b

this gland protect the sperm by neutralizing the acidity of urine in the urethra
a. seminal vesicles
b. prostate
c. bulbourethral glands

c

GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete two hormones. what are they?
a. FSH and LH
b. FSH and Oxytocin
c. FSH and DHT
d. LH and ICSH

a

30% of seminal fluid is:
a. seminal vesicle fluid
b. prostatic fluid
c. sperm and spermatic duct secretions
d. other fluids

b