child psych final

Kwashiorkor

protein malnutrition

Toddlers physical growth

lose baby fat and become leaner and longer

synaptic connections have the greatest density at the end of

toddlerhood

3 year gross motor skills

jump in place/go up and downstairs

3 year fine motor skills

draw straight line, brush teeth, can kinda draw a stick person

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

deferred imitation

imitation that occurs after a delay of hours or days

Vgotsky's Sociocultural Theory

Transmission of culture to a new generation (values, beliefs, customs, skills) Social interaction is necessary.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher

Scaffolding

temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process

cultural differences in

gender/attitude/SES

slow expansion

12-18 months

naming explosion

18-24 months

increased language use

24-36 months

achievement gap (word wise)

disparity on a number of educational measures between the performance of groups of students, especially groups defined by gender, race, ethnicity, ability, and socioeconomic status

culture communicates gender expression

implict + explicit + toys bought

Attachment Theory (Bowlby)

It is the tendency in human beings to make strong affectional bonds with others coming from the need for security and safety.

secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

insecure-avoidant attachment

a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return

insecure-resistant attachment

classification of parent-child attachment in which the child shows little exploratory behavior when the parent is present, great distress when the parent leaves the room, and ambivalence upon the parent's return

disorganized/disoriented attachment

a type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children have no consistent way of coping with the stress of the Strange Situation. Their behavior is often confused or even contradictory, and they often appear dazed or disoriented

the strange situation

a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style

attachment theory critiques

kids are born with diff temperaments/influence is bidirectional/may vary on parenting style/attachments recognizable across cultures

solitary play

playing alone

paralell play

Plays independently among others. (Toddlers)

simple social play

talking, smiling, sharing

cooperative pretend play

engaging in shared pretend play

Signs of ASD

Repetitive movements /Never demonstrating the "social smile"/Lack of eye contact/Speech delays

ASD can be seen in infancy but typically diagnosed around

18 to 30 months

prosocial behavior

socially desirable behavior that benefits others

Growth in developed countries

add 5 to 7 pounds a year/grow 2 to 3 inches/more height than weight

Growth in developing countries

averages are lower than developed countries/Stunting/SES plays a role

most common deficiency in US

Calcium

most common deficiency in developing countries

protein

drawing at age 3

scribbles: little stick man

drawing at age 4

pretending to write/still scribbles: more conscise

drawing at age 4 to 6

realize alphabet = word sounds/can draw now

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

conservation

the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes.

Egocentrism

inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and another person's perspective

Animism

attributing human features to inanimate objects

middle childhood gross motor development

increased balance, strength, coordination/organized sports/1 hour of activity recommended/**** the tv and computer yall

obesity

more in prominent places in developed countries

tv, genes, diet, and prenatal environment.

Asthma

big issue in middle childhood for black males mostly

concrete operations

Piaget's stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 7 - 11 years of age

ADHD

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

middle childhood memory

increased use of mnemonics:rehearsal/organization/elaboration

executive function

higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving

self concept in middle childhood

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

family in middle childhood

more freedom/responsibilities/sibling rivalry/parenting turns to coregulation

family forms in middle childhood

63% live with 2 parent/21% live with one (higher risk of lower ses)/larger population of gays and lesbians having kids

kid's response to divorce

externalizing behaviors: impulsive and conflicts w/ fam internalizing problems: depression/anxiety/etc. kids whose dad remains have fewer post divorce problems

selective association

prefer being around others like ourselves

\___ becomes more valuable in friendships from early to middle childhood

trust

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

adolescent egocentrism

A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others.

imaginary audience and personal fable

Imaginary audience: Belief that others are as interested in them as they are/involves attention-getting behavior motivated by desire to be noticed, visible, and on stage./Personal fable: adolescents' sense of uniqueness and invincibility

optimistic bias

the tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to other people than to one's self

authoritative parenting

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making (THIS IS THE BEST PARENTING STYLE)

authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

neglectful parenting

a parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child's life

high achieving friends positive influence, even low achievers

true

immigrant paradox

longer family is in the US the worse the academic performance

experience sampling method (ESM)

a method of collecting data about adolescents' emotional states, in which individuals are paged and asked to report on their mood and activity. kids are: self conscious, lonely, nervous, and moody

early/mid adolescence self esteem

in a decline possibly due to harsh critique of peers

west highly valued peer opinions

adolescence self esteem more valued in

US/developed nations

Black adolescents have high self esteem until

exposure to racism

gender intensification hypothesis

the idea that pressures to behave in sex-appropriate ways intensify during adolescence

caregiver relationship

one sibling serves parental functions for the other

buddy relationship

siblings treat each other as friends

critical relationship

high level of conflict and teasing

rival relationship

compete against each other and measure their success against one another

casual relationship

between siblings, a relationship that is not emotionally intense, in which they have little to do with one another

emerging adulthood: identity explorations

explore various possibilities of work and love

emerging adulthood: instability

exploration leads to instability

emerging adulthood: self focus

increasingly self-sufficient

emerging adulthood: feeling inbetween

feeling of being in transition

emerging adulthood: possibilities

potential for dramatic changes

knowledge economy

a society no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but instead on the production of knowledge

Technology Revolution

Transition from manufacturing economy to knowledge economy; jobs require education beyond high school; pushes back other markers of adulthood

Sexual Revolution

A social outlook that challenges traditional codes of behaviour related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships. The phenomenon took place throughout the Western world from the 1960s into the 1970s.

Women's Movement

organized effort in the 20th century to obtain greater rights and opportunities for women

youth movement

The youths didn't agree with the US's involvement in the Vietnam war so they began protesting in the 60s and 70s began on college campuses

decreased gray matter and increased white matter in EA leads to

greater processing speed and timing.

teritary education

takes Americans 6 years for a 4 year degree mostly because of the finical cost and inability to work full time.

transition to work

seek identity based work, can be systematic exploration or just wandering'/sucks for people with out training or tertiary schooling

identity vs identity confusion

the period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves

Assimilation

"I don't really think of myself as Asian American, just as American."

Marginalization

"When I'm with my Indian friends, I feel White, and when I'm with my White friends, I feel Indian. I don't really feel like I belong with either of them."

seperation

"I am not part of two cultures. I am just Black."

Biculturalism

"Being both Mexican and American means having the best of both worlds. You have different strengths you can draw from in different situations."

gender sterotypes

still exsist esp. in work

family relations in EA

quality of parent interactions increase/40% return home at some point/parents acknowledging growth helps

Cohabitation

unstable in US but good in Canada and Europe/intimacy important in relationship

women hook up more than men

false