Animal Devlopment ACE BIO quiz

GAHH

What are the 2 layers of protective tissue that act as barriers to initial penetration by sperm cells?

The Corona Radiata and Zona Pellucida.

What is the Corona Radiata?

Layer of cells that chemically attract sperm. Sperm must navigate through

What is the zona pellucida?

Highly protective layer surrounding secondary oocyte.

What reaction is in zona pellucida and what does it do?

Acrysomal reaction: Enzymes from a sperm’s acrosome dissolve through zona pellucida.

What is an oocyte?

A developing egg.

What is the stage of development that the 3 germ layers form in?

Gastrulation/Gastrula

What are the 3 germ layers?

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

What is gastrulation?

a critical event in the development of all animals; involves the inward movement and reorganization of cells of the blastula or blastocyst into a gastrula

Protostomes are what?

They are more primitive groups of animals in which the blastopore will develop into the mouth.

Deuterostomes are what?

They are more advanced groups of animals in which the blastopore will develop into the anus.

The four extraembryonic membranes that support the embryos are what?

Yolk Sacs, Amnion, Chlorion, and Allantois

What is a yolk sac?

 food source for the embryo; absorbs and transports food substances.

What is amnion?

membrane that grows over and surrounds the embryo; acts as a shock absorber and lubricant

What is cholorion?

membrane that allows for gas exchange to occur within the embryo.

What is allantois?

membrane that acts as a nitrogenous waste storage receptacle for the embryo.

The two theories that aim to explain why we age include:

Preprogrammed theories and damage control theories

Pre Programmed theories state what?

They state that aging is at least partly genetically preprogrammed. It states that aging is when apoptosis (genetically programmed cell death) is greater than mitosis. Genes account for 25% why we age

Damage control theories state what?

They state that aging is caused by accumulation of cellular damage over time. It includes harmful toxins, build-up of toxins, and over exposure of the sun.

Fertilization definition

The union of 2 haploid nuclei (union of an egg and sperm cell).