ToK chapter 1

authority

the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.

Justify

To show that a belief or decision is well-founded or reasonable

Contigent

only true under certain conditions, dependent on other things

Theorm

a statement or principle that can be demonstrated or proved using logic, but is not self-evident

Universal grammar

The idea that all human languages, no matter how different they appear, share some fundamental similarities

Belief

confidence that something exists

Ignorance

lack of knowledge

Expert

A person with specialised knowledge in a particular subject

certainity

The quality of having no doubt

Illusion of explanatory death

The illusion that you understand something in detail when you do not

Explanation

An account or statement that makes something clear

Outrage

intense anger and schock

Proof

conclusive evidence

Objectivity

looking at the world in a detached way that focuses on facts, largely independent of a personal perspective, and that expects o be corroborated by a knowledge community

Subjectivity

Decisions based on personal feelings rather than facts

Polymath

a person with knowledge of many subjects

Knowledge Claim

a statement in which we claim to know something

Conviction

strong belief

wordlview

Overarching theory about the nature of the universe, and human being's place in it

benign

harmless, non-threathning, innocent

linguistic determinism

the idea that language and its structures determine human knowledge, thought and thought processes.

Bias

prejudice,unfairess,favoritism

Identity

How a person,group, or nation sees themselv in relation to other people, group, nations, ideas, and the world.

Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

Perception

an awareness of something in and through the mind

Experential

based on experience

Perspective

Point of view, a particular way of seeing or considering something

Innate

something we are born with

A priori

purley by reason

Truth

In accord with fact or reality, or faithfulness to a standart

Tribalism

the behaviours and attitudes that arise out of loyalty to a social group

Retribution

punishment inflicted in response to an action

Interpretation

an explanation of the meaning of something

Scholasticism

A method of learning characteristic of the middle ages, based on logic and traditional beliefs about what is true

Scepticism

a feeling or attitude of doubt or mistrust

Values

the ideas, beliefs, and attitudes about what is important that help guide the way you live

Hypothesis

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

evidence

Signs that you can see,hear,experience or read to support the truth of an assertion

Relativism

The belief that what might be true or right for one person need not to be true or right for another person or group; that all truths are of equal value

relativity

recognising that knowledge claims are dependent on contextual factors or frames of reference

responsebility

A duty or moral obligation

Absolutism

Belief in absolute truth and absolute cultural, religious, political and moral standards against which all other views can be judged

Tolerance

acceptance of different perspectives, behaviours even if you disagree with them

Mythology

a collection of myths, especially one belonging to a particular religious or cultural tradition.

Quaint

Pleasantly, amunsigly, or interingsly strange

Ethical

Conforming to accepted moral standards

Moral

Ones personal principles about what is right and wrong

Caricature

a comic exaggeration

fallacy

a false or mistaken idea, or even an invalid arguemnt

discernment

The ability to use sharp perceptions to judge well

pragmatic truth check

checks if something works and stresses the practical importance of truth, saying that the truth is what is useful to believe

correspondence truth check

checks if the knowledge claim corresponds to how things actually are in the world, while answering we observe and find evidence

coherence truth check

checks if the knowledge claim is consistent with what we already know, while answering we use our ability to reason, we check if the documents and data are free form contradiction

inattentional blindness

failing to notice what we do not expect to see

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

affect heuristic

the tendency to consult one's emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively.

halo effect

the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

sunk cost fallacy

a framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation

just-world fallacy

believing that justice generally happens, that people get the benefits and punishments they deserve

attribution bias

the tendency to attribute one's own negative behaviour to external causes and one's positive actions to internal states

bias blind spot

the tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases in their thinking than we are