Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
evidence-based practice
Using scientific knowledge
all healthcare professionals use the finding from research studies so they can provide the safest and highest quality of care.
research - moving facts from one location to another
Generating new scientific knowledge
The Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) defines research as “a systematic investigation, including research development, testing, and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.” Is conducted by a qualified researcher,
Builds on prior research
research is NOT
Simply gathering information
For example, you go to the library to ‘research’ a topic to write a ‘research’ paper citing the findings of the articles you ‘researched’
Why isn’t this research?
While you synthesized, analyzed, and critiqued others’ work, and perhaps even drew a summative conclusion,
You have not generated new knowledge!
When a researcher comes up with an idea for a study, how does one determine if it is research?
What Constitutes New Knowledge?
idea
literature review
decision
idea
If the idea is systematically defined and studied and has the potential to generate new knowledge
literature review
If a systematic review of the literature reveals that the idea has not been studied
decision
Based on results from systematic review of the literature the researcher decides that the topic has not been explored fully and moves forward
irb
important for serious, continuous research
systematic investigation
utilizes approved and predefined sets of procedures (design, methods) to conduct a research study
design
framework of how the study will be conducted, which includes the methods (or procedures) that are used to conduct the study.
methods for systematic investigation include
Sampling – the way a researcher selects study participants
Data collection – types of data and how it is collected
Data analysis – how the data is looked at.
Why is Research Important?
Adds to our basic knowledge about particular topics, issues, etc.
Research advances science, helps expand understanding about a topic, helps in defining the scope of an issue, etc.
Improves practice
Research generates new ideas or new approaches to healthcare services, studies how well a treatment is working, etc.
Informs policy debates
Research offers results that help policymakers weigh various issues
5 stages of research
conceptual
design
empirical
analytic
dissemination
conceptual (thinking)
Having an idea (research problem), systematically reviewing the literature to verify the problem has the potential to generate new knowledge, writing a problem statement, a research purpose statement, and research question(s
design(planning)
Selecting the best research design and research methods (sampling, data collection, data analysis) that align with research question(s), submitting the research study proposal for IRB review
empirical (doing)
Obtaining IRB approval to conduct the study, recruiting/selecting the sample, obtaining informed consent from participants, collecting the data
analytic (analyzing)
Utilizing the best analysis strategies to yield meaningful results from data (answering the research questions and simultaneously uncovering new avenues of inquiry)
dissemination (sharing)
Writing a journal article to share results/finding (new knowledge) with the scientific community
two types of research
Basic
goal is to generate new knowledge to increase understanding
Applied/clinical
goal is to generate new knowledge that will change policy, procedures, and practices
four purposes of research
exploratory explore or investigation to determine the scope of an issue or to understand a problem that has not been clearly defined.
descriptive - describe the problem. The who, what, where, and when, how many?
evaluative - how well is this working?
explanatory - determine a cause and effect relationship
research methodology
Paradigm about the pursuit of knowledge
Is the goal of research understanding or proving?
research design
Research design refers to the structure of an inquiry.
Numerous designs within the methodologies.
Select the design best suited to answer the research question.
research methods
Once a design is chosen, every study must select the methods: sampling, data collection and data analysis.
Methods/tools can align with one or more designs.
paradigm
is the researcher’s beliefs about truth, knowledge, and the correct actions to undertake in the pursuit of new knowledge.
Knowing which paradigm a researcher is working under will help yield which ______________________ the researcher will select.
research methodology
Strongly influences the nature of the research purpose and the type of research question that will be created.
four paradigms: positivism
cause and effect relationships exist, the researcher must control for variables, and research can be free from bias and values.
absolutely proves cause and effect relationship
four paradigms: post positivism
truth exists in natural scientific laws, but it might not be possible to control for every variable. While it’s important to control for bias, total elimination might not be possible.
finds statistical proof of a cause-and-effect relationship
quantitative research
involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data to explain, predict and/or control phenomenon of interest.
four paradigms: constructivm
there is no one truth rooted in natural laws; rather truth is fluid and rooted in societal constructs and researcher works directly with participants to explore meaning.
explores different perspectives to find meaning about the human experience
four paradigms: pragmatism
truth is the result of both natural laws of nature and people’s subjective realities.
combines both ways of searching for truth to yield a greater understanding of the issue
ontological assumptions for each paradigm
Positivism | Cause and effect relationship can be proven World is governed by natural laws |
Post-Positivism | Truth exists, it is the result of natural laws but perhaps not all the laws are completely understood, should not say there is absolute truth. |
Constructivism | Multiple truths exists. They are rooted in individual and social constructs, meaning what is true for one can be untrue for another. |
Pragmatism | Truth is both governed by natural law and subjective reality.
|
Epistemological assumptions for each
Objective- must remain objective so the results of the research are free from value and bias. |
Objective- control for bias and remaining objective is the benchmark but absolute control of bias is not achievable. |
Subjective- role of the researcher to work directly with individuals to uncover meaning |
Objective & Subjective-Rejects either or choices, rather the researcher should focus on what works. |
methological assumtopns
positivism: Deductive reasoning: empirical study (conducted in a lab) that control variables and use rigorous scientific methods to test hypothesis. |
post positivism: Deductive reasoning: controls variables and uses scientific methods to test hypothesis but research can be conducted outside the lab. |
constructivism: Inductive reasoning: goal is to generate understanding about the phenomenon |
pragmatism: Deductive & Inductive reasoning: assumptions are compatible; one can seamlessly go between multiple types of evidence and analysis to answer a research question. |
research methodology
positivism - quantitative
post positivism - quantitative
constructivism - qualitative
pragmatism - mixed methods
Was one of your favorite courses a literature class that required the analysis of symbolism to reveal the underlying truths about the human condition? If yes, you most likely will be drawn this
qualitative research
Was your favorite class a chemistry lab where you conducted tightly regulated experiments that had one correct outcome? If yes, you most likely will be drawn to
quantitative research
If you are thinking, I have no favorite; I’d use analysis of symbolism or a lab experiment based on the purpose of the project, then you are mostly likely drawn to
Mixed Methods research
qualitative research
involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of narrative and visual data in order to gain insights into a particular phenomenon of interest.
mixed methods research
Uses both quantitative and qualitative methodologies.
Which of the four research purposes are related to qualitative research
exploratory
Why does a researcher ask themselves this question: Has this study been planned in such a way that the potential to generate new knowledge exists?
This question is used to keep the concept of scientific merit in the researcher’s mind as they conceptualize, plan, design, and conduct the study.
This question is used solely to guide the researcher through the literature review process.
This question is used by all researchers to keep the concept of scientific method in the researcher’s mind as they conduct data analysis.
This question is used solely to guide the researcher through the process of identifying the paradigm the researcher holds.
qualitative designs
Focused Ethnography
Grounded Theory
Phenomenological
Case Study
mixed method designs
Convergent
Explanatory
Exploratory
Non-experimental/Descriptive
Survey
Developmental
Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Observational
Cohort
Case-control
Correlational
quantitative designs: experimental
Solomon 4 group
Pretest/Posttest
Posttest only
Within subject
Control group:
time series
etc.
quantitative designs: quasi-experimental
Simple time series
Pretest/Posttest
Posttest only
Within-subject
Control group:
time series
deductive reasoning
works from the more general to the more specific.
Hypothesis testing – theory, test theory, results support/refute theory (Creswell, 2009, p. 7)
Inductive reasoning
= few observations builds general understanding of an issue
Findings from these observations are not tested simply offered as an explanation of what is occurring or why something is occurring
What are the effects of maternal tobacco use during pregnancy on fetal development? (Adapted from USDHHS, 2014)
quantitative example
What is the meaning of successfully completing a smoking cessation program, transitioning from a state of tobacco dependence to a state of being tobacco free, for 10 – 20 individuals who have recently been diagnosed with smoking-related cancer? (Adapted from Vangeli & West, 2012)
qualitative
