Kidney and Urinary System Flashcards

Flashcards based on kidney and urinary system lecture notes.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?

Production of albumin

Which of the following describes the correct flow of blood in the kidney?

Afferent arteriole to the glomerular capillaries to the efferent arteriole

Which of the following describes the normal flow of urine?

Collecting duct to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder

By what process is water reabsorbed from the filtrate?

Osmosis

Which substance directly controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts?

Antidiuretic hormone

Under what circumstances do cells in the kidneys secrete renin?

Blood flow in the afferent arteriole decreases.

From the following, choose the substance likely to appear in the urine when the glomerulus is inflamed:

Albumin

When a respiratory infection with high fever is present in the body, how would the kidney tubules maintain normal pH of body fluids?

Secrete more acids and reabsorb more bicarbonate ions.

What is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis?

An ascending infection by E. coli

Which disease would cause an increased ASO titer and elevated serum ASK?

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

What causes the dark urine associated with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Blood and protein leaking through the capillary into the filtrate

Which pathophysiological process applies to acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Immune complexes deposit in glomerular tissue, causing inflammation

In a case of acute pyelonephritis, what is the cause of flank pain?

Inflammation, stretching the renal capsule

Why may acute pyelonephritis and cystitis follow untreated prostatitis?

There is a continuous mucosa along the involved structures.

Which disease is manifested by dysuria and pyuria?

Cystitis

What would be the long-term effects of chronic infection or inflammation of the kidneys?

Gradual necrosis, fibrosis, and development of uremia

What factors contribute to headache, anorexia, and lethargy with kidney disease? 1. Increased blood pressure 2. Elevated serum urea 3. Anemia 4. Acidosis

1, 2, 3, 4

What are the significant signs of nephrotic syndrome?

Hyperlipidemia and lipiduria

Why does blood pressure often remain near normal in patients with nephrotic syndrome?

Hypovolemia results from fluid shift to the interstitial compartment.

Which of the following results from obstruction of the left ureter by a renal calculus?

An attack of renal colic

What does hydronephrosis lead to?

Ischemia and necrosis in the compressed area

Which of the following is a predisposing factor to bladder cancer?

Exposure to chemicals and cigarette smoke

What is the common initial sign of adenocarcinoma of the kidney?

Microscopic hematuria

Which of the following does NOT usually result from nephrosclerosis?

Acute renal failure

Which of the following relates to polycystic kidney disease?

It results in gradual degeneration and chronic renal failure.

Which of the following is related to Wilms’ tumor?

A genetic defect

What is/are a cause(s) of acute tubule necrosis and acute renal failure?

All of the above

Which of the following would likely cause chronic renal failure?

Diabetes

What causes polyuria during the stage of renal insufficiency?

Loss of tubule function

What is the primary reason for hypocalcemia developing during end-stage renal failure or uremia?

A deficit of activated vitamin D and hyperphosphatemia

Which of the following indicate a decreased GFR?

Increased serum urea and decreased serum bicarbonate

Which of the following is NOT likely to lead to hydronephrosis?

Nephrosclerosis

Which of the following congenital defects is a common cause of cystitis in young children?

Vesicoureteral reflux

Which factor contributes to severe anemia in individuals with chronic renal failure?

Limited protein intake

What is the primary action of the diuretic furosemide?

Decreased reabsorption of sodium and water

Which of the following causes acute renal failure?

Bilateral acute glomerulonephritis

Which of the following is a significant indicator of renal insufficiency?

Increased serum urea and creatinine

Choose the basic cause of osteodystrophy associated with chronic renal failure:

Failure of the kidney to activate vitamin D

Which of the following results from decreased blood flow into the kidneys?

Increased angiotensin and systemic vasoconstriction

The reabsorption of water and electrolytes by the kidneys is directly controlled by: 1. atrial natriuretic hormone. 2. antidiuretic hormone. 3. angiotensin. 4. the levels of bicarbonate ion.

1, 2

Excess urea and other nitrogen wastes in the blood is referred to as:

azotemia.

Urine with a low specific gravity is usually related to:

renal failure due to tubule damage.

Uncontrolled essential hypertension may cause chronic renal failure because of:

damage to afferent arterioles and renal ischemia.

Autoregulation in the kidneys refers to:

local minor reflex adjustments in the arterioles to maintain normal blood flow.

Circulatory shock causes:

decreased GFR and increased renin secretion.

In acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, the inflammation causes:

A and B

In acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, the glomerular inflammation results from:

a type III hypersensitivity reaction.

The micturition reflex is initiated by:

increased pressure distending the bladder.

Reduced urine output resulting from inflammation and necrosis of the tubules is called:

oliguria.

Wilms’ tumor is:

an encapsulated mass in one kidney.

The normal pH of urine is:

4.5- 8.0.

Agenesis is often not diagnosed because:

it is usually asymptomatic as one kidney provides adequate function.

Uremic signs of renal failure include all of the following EXCEPT:

high blood pressure.

Cystitis is more common in females because:

the urethra is short, wide, and adjacent to areas with resident flora.

With severe kidney disease, either hypokalemia or hyperkalemia may occur and cause:

cardiac arrhythmias.

Common causes of urolithiasis include all of the following EXCEPT:

hyperlipidemia.

Urinary casts are present with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis because:

inflamed tubules compress red blood cells (RBCs) and protein into a typical mass.

Renal disease frequently causes hypertension because:

congestion and ischemia stimulate release of renin.

Pyelonephritis may be distinguished from cystitis by the presence in pyelonephritis of:

urinary casts and flank pain.

Involuntary urination by a child after age 4 or 5, when bladder control is expected, is referred to as:

enuresis.