Multicultural Theories

Education for the Oppressed Model

established to maintain the status quo but they're needs to be a different way. teaches individuals to become aware of their circumstances and change them
• dominant models maintain inequality
• develop critical consciousness- helps oppressed individuals author their own reality

Co-Counseling

peers who are providing peer counseling to each other and taking turns as the therapist and the patient.

What are some reasons we consider culture?

Beliefs, Emotions, Behaviors, Attitudes, Expectations, Interpersonal Style, Treatment Selection, Treatment Response.
BEBAEITT

Cultural Adaptation

how do we take the theories that we have that were developed for a certain group of people and be able to change it so it can reach more people
- Involve Diverse people in the Development
- include collectivistic values
- attend to religion
- pay attention to the relevance of acculturation
- acknowledge effects of oppression

Cultural Competence

a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that reflect an understanding of how cultural and sociopolitical influences shape individuals world views and related health behaviors.
• We genuinely believe the other culture and we are acting in a way that's consistent with those beliefs
- these people can value and respect other cultures. they are able to engage in self assessment which is key

Specter of developing Cultural Competence

cultural destructiveness
cultural incapacity
cultural blindness
cultural pre-competence
cultural competence

Cultural Destructiveness

engaged in behavior attitudes and policies that are actively destructive to other cultures. Most people don't come into therapy at this "stage".

Cultural Incapacity

still not appreciating other cultures. These people feel their way is better and the way of other cultures is worse so I can teach them to be better. white savior complex. individuals believe in the racial superiority of the dominant group and assume paternalistic and ignorant position toward culturally diverse people.

Cultural Blindess

they sense that the dominant culture it's universally applicable. they don't look at differences and they aren't thinking about how anything affects other cultures. They think my way is the default and everyone else follows my way too so why are we having this conversation? individuals believe culture makes no differences and thus the values of the dominant culture are universally applicable and beneficial.

Cultural Pre-competence

Individuals desire to provide an equitable and fair treatment with cultural sensitivity but don't know exactly how to proceed.

To become culturally competent, you need to:

1.become aware of your worldview
2. examine your attitude toward cultural differences
3. learn about different worldviews
4. develop multicultural skills

What are the features of therapists who are culturally competent?

Therapists should:
Value Diversity
Manage Dynamics of Difference,
Acquire and Incorporate Cultural Knowledge into their Interventions, increase their multicultural skills,
conduct self-reflections and assessments,
and adapt to diversity and cultural contexts of their clients.

Ethnocentric

puts your own culture at the center and sees that as universal. In denial about other cultures. Individuals view their own culture as universal, and although they recognize cultural differences, they minimize them, believing that other cultures are just like theirs.

Ethnorelative

Individuals shift their perspectives and their sense of self expands to include diverse worldviews. we are thinking about cultural differences as having value in their own right. Think flexibility about cultural beliefs, to adapt to different situations and challenges and these values are fully integrated into ourselves

Goals of Multicultural Therapy

address cultural trauma
experience is valuable knowledge
healing results from:
Our Goal is to get the patient to live their best life according to them

Address Cultural Trauma

generational trauma that's been passed down, causes distress. If the patient is in an area where their value or identity isn't valued or accepted, then how can we cope when we are in that distress of not being accepted. We want to help people find a way to navigate the situation and feel empowered

Experience is Valuable Knowledge

the person's lived experience is the truth, they are the source of knowledge about their culture and only they can tell you. We don't want to minimize them- micro aggression.

Healing results from:

Empowerment , sharing multiple perspectives, and anchored in meaningful and relevant contexts.

Interethnic Transference

overcompliance, mistrust, denial, ambivalence
1 overcompliance and friendliness
2 denial where the client avoids disclosing issues pertinent to ethnicity or culture
3 mistrust, suspiciousness, and hostility
4 ambivalence- clients may struggle with negative feelings toward their therapist while simultaneously developed an attachment to them.

Intraethnic Transference

views therapists as omniscient (all knowing and powerful, they can be conversations the patient doesn't share because they think the therapist just gets it, things go unsaid) traitor (betrayal of culture since they became a therapist) auto-racist.

Interethnic Countertransference

deny cultural differences, become overly curious about differences at the expense of psychological needs, guilt or pity

Intraethnic Countertransference

over identifications, shared victimizations (no longer able to probably empathize with them because you're looking at your own experiences), distancing (because it makes you uncomfortable) , survivors guilt, cultural myopia (can't see clearly because you are in the same culture)

Stages of Minority Identity Development

conformity, dissonance, resistance immersion, introspection, synergistic

1: Conformity

an internalized racism where values, lifestyles, and role models from the dominant culture is what someone is trying to follow

2: Dissonance

start to question and suspect that the dominant groups value and culture isn't adequate for you

3: Resistance-Immersion

start to think more in line with their minority views

4: Introspection

start to think about how the cultural norms actually fit their own personal identity. Some pieces of dominant can fit with their identity and some pieces from their minioring can fit as well.

5: Synergistic

self fulfillment. We don't have to fully accept one culture over another. We can recognize where we see things that we disagree with in our own culture and the dominant culture. Here, the cultures aren't pinned up against each other.

Stages of White American Identity Development

contact, disintegration, reintegration, pseudo-independence, autonomy

1: Contact

not able to identify our racial identities, we are trying to not perceive ourselves as a racial being. Some people can live here their whole lives, knowing there's other racial groups. individuals are aware of minorities but do not perceive themselves as racial beings.

2: Disintegration

starts to see that there is inequality.

3: Reintegration

attempt to justify what's taking place. they will say they have been racial injustice. they engage in blaming the victim and in reverse discrimination

4: Pseudo-Independence

they become interested in understanding cultural differences

5: Autonomy

acceptance, respect, and appreciation for other cultures.

Stages of Sexual Orientation Identity Development

confusion, comparison, tolerance, acceptance, pride, synthesis

1: Confusion

starts to question their sexual orientation. who am i attracted to and what does that mean for how I might describe myself

2: Comparison

it's a possibility I belong to a sexual minority.

3: Tolerance

I do belong to a sexual minority, but that doesn't mean i feel good about it.

4: Acceptance

increase contact with other sexual minorities.

5: Pride

a proudness to be who you are. views it as an attribute to be proud of and it's a strength.

6: Synthesis

an outreach and providing education. Building a bridge.

Collectivistic Worldview

a priority based on the group rather than individual. Our personal identity is based on our relationship with others. We all need and affect each other. There's a higher clause on things like sharing and working together. Cultures in which individuals' identity is associated with their relationships to others. Endorse relational values, prefer interdependence.

Individualistic Worldview

we are focused on ourselves. Prioritizes independence, I am responsible for myself and Im not responsible for any of you. they will describe themselves with Internal attributes, who they are on the inside rather than a relationship (i am a sister). Cultures who view themselves independently from others.

Explanatory Model of Distress

the first thing we will do. Want to know patients' own perspectives of why they are having the experience they are having. "why do you think you feel this way" and we will take it with value because your experience is knowledge. elicits clients' perspectives of their illness, experience and healing. Use this model to unfold clients' treatment expectations

Cultural Formulation and Analysis

the process that's formalized in the 5the DSM, and it considers how culture can impact symptoms, therapy and patient therapist relationship. a clinical tool for assessment and treatment. A process-oriented approach that places diagnosis on cultural context.

Cultural Genogram

understanding the patient's lineage.

Ethnocultural Assessment

there are multiple domains to culture, heritage, and relationships that you hold and put those all into relations during therapy. a multicultural tool for both evaluation and treatment. it explores diverse areas in the development of cultural identity.

Empathic Witness

what the therapist is. you're personal lived experiences is going to be differ to than mine so I'm here to be an empathic witness

Cultural psychoanalysis

we can do a psychoanalysis on a culture at large just like how we can do it on an individual.

Transcultural Psychology

advocates that as we are bringing our psychology theories to other cultures, we aren't doing it in a paternalistic way. We use resources up the communities and use them in a way that's valuable.

Intersectionality

how our different cultural identities influence each other

Addressing Framework

Age, Development and acquired Disabilities, Religion, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic status, Sexaul orientation, Indigenous heritage, National origin, Gender. All of these pieces will influence your identity.

Therapeutic Alliance

Recognize clients expectations for the therapist role- what is the expectation, is the therapist an authority figure or should they be more friendly and relax with their boundaries. What is the client thinking the therapist should be doing to be a good therapist.
Respond According to Clients Needs
Work towards cultural congruence in worldviews and attitudes.

Dialogue on Cultural Differences and Similarities:

Suspend- Suspend preconceptions: therapist has to be able to critically self reflect on their own biases, where the stereotypes they've heard might be influencing what they think will happen. be aware and work to suspend them
Recognize- recognize clients may be different from other member of their group: doesn't mean the patient is the same as everyone else in their group.
Consider- consider how client-therapist differences may affect therapy: matching or mismatching.
Acknowledge- acknowledge that power, privilege, and oppression might affect interactions- addressing can all affect interactions.

Mechanism of Psychotherapy

• Cultural consciousness- a process that helps clients increase their psychocultural awareness
• Develop resilience
• meaning making
• manage cultural trauma