Ch 19 Blood

Circulating Transport System Pump

The heart

Circulating Transport System Conducting System

Blood vessels

Circulating Transport System Fluid Medium

Blood

Function of Cardiovascular System

To transport materials to and from cells

Transported Material 1

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Transported Material 2

Nutrients

Transported Material 3

Hormones

Transported Material 4

Immune system components

Transported Material 5

Waste products

Blood Nature

Specialized fluid of connective tissue

Blood Matrix

Contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix

Function of Blood 1

Transport of dissolved substances

Function of Blood 2

Regulation of pH and ions

Function of Blood 3

Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites

Function of Blood 4

Defense against toxins and pathogens

Function of Blood 5

Stabilization of body temperature

Transport of Gases

O2 from lungs to tissues

Transport of Nutrients

From digestive tract, storage, or liver

Transport of Hormones

From endocrine glands to target cells

Transport of Waste Products

From cells to kidneys

Regulation of pH and Ions

Either add or subtract i.e. Ca or K by diffusion w/ interstitial fluid & blood

Regulation of Acid

Absorbs & neutralize acid i.e lactic acid from skeletal muscles

Restriction of Fluid Losses at injury

Clotting

Defense Against Toxins and Pathogens

WBCs transported by blood to fight infection & remove debris. Multiple specific functions.

Temperature Stabilization: Heat Loss

Heat loss via skin if hot

Temperature Stabilization: Heat Retention

Heat retention to brain and vital organs via shunting

Whole Blood Composition

Plasma & formed elements

Plasma Definition

Fluid proteins in solution, like interstitial fluid

Formed Elements

All cells and cell fragments

Plasma Component 1

Water

Plasma Component 2

Dissolved plasma proteins

Plasma Component 3

Other solutes, similar to, & exchanges fluids with, interstitial fluid

Plasma Matrix Role

Is matrix of formed elements

Type of Formed Element 1

Red blood cells (RBCs)

Type of Formed Element 2

White blood cells (WBCs)

Type of Formed Element 3

Platelets

Red Blood Cells Function (Erythrocytes)

Transport oxygen

White Blood Cells Function (Leukocytes)

Part of the immune system

Platelets Function

Cell fragments involved in clotting

Hemopoiesis Definition

Process of producing formed elements

Hemopoiesis Stem Cells

Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

Fractionation Purpose

Separation of whole blood for clinical analysis

Fractionation Method

Fractionation into plasma and formed elements using a centrifuge

Normal Blood Temperature

38°C (100.4°F)

Blood Viscosity

High viscosity

Blood pH

Slightly alkaline pH (7.35-7.45)

Blood Volume Ratio (liters)

7% of body weight in kilograms

Adult Male Blood Volume

5 to 6 liters

Adult Female Blood Volume

4 to 5 liters

Plasma Volume Percentage

50-60% of blood volume

Plasma Water Percentage

More than 90% of plasma is water

Extracellular Fluids

Interstitial fluid (IF) and plasma

Capillary Wall Exchange Materials

Water, ions, small solutes

Plasma vs IF Difference 1

Levels of O2 and CO2

Plasma vs IF Difference 2

Dissolved proteins (plasma proteins do not pass through capillary walls)

Plasma Protein Class 1

Albumins (60%)

Plasma Protein Class 2

Globulins (35%)

Plasma Protein Class 3

Fibrinogen (4%)

Albumins Function

Transport substances like fatty acids, thyroid hormones, steroid hormones

Fibrinogen Function

Molecules form clots, produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin

Serum Definition

Plasma with clotting proteins removed

Globulins Function

Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, attack foreign bodies

Transport Globulins

Small molecules like hormone-binding proteins, metalloproteins, and steroid-binding proteins

Thyroid-Binding Protein

Binds thyroid hormones

Transcortin

Binds ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Metalloproteins Example

Transferrin for Fe

Apolipoproteins (Lipoproteins)

steroid binding protein

Steroid-Binding Proteins Example

Testosterone-binding hormone binds & transports testosterone

Other Plasma Proteins Percentage

1% of plasma containing changing quantities of specialized proteins

Other Plasma Proteins Examples

Enzymes, hormones, and prohormones (TSH, FSH, LH, insulin, prolactin)

Origins of Plasma Proteins

90% made in liver

Liver-Produced Plasma Proteins

All albumin and fibrinogen

Antibody Origins

Made by plasma cells made by lymphocytes

Peptide Hormone Origins

Made by endocrine organs

RBC Percentage of Formed Elements

99.9%

Red Blood Cell Count Definition

Reports/measures number of RBCs in 1 microliter whole blood

Hematocrit (packed cell volume, PCV) meaning

Percentage of RBCs in centrifuged whole blood

Normal RBC Count - Male

4.5-6.3 million

Normal RBC Count - Female

4.1-5.5 million

Normal Hematocrit - Male

40-54%

Normal Hematocrit - Female

37-47%

Hematocrit Gender Difference Reason

Males have androgens that stimulate RBC production

RBC Structure

Small and highly specialized disc, thin in middle and thicker at edge

Importance of RBC Shape and Size

Essential for surface area and flow properties

High Surface-to-Volume Ratio in RBC importance

Quickly absorbs and releases oxygen

RBC Stacks

Discs form stacks that smooth flow through narrow blood vessels

RBC Flexibility

7.8 μm RBC passes through 4 μm capillary by bending and flexing entering small capillaries.

Lifespan of RBCs

Lack nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes; live about 120 days

Hemoglobin (Hb) Definition

Protein molecule that transports respiratory gases.  Responsible for cells ability to transport O2 and CO2.

Normal Hemoglobin - Male

14-18 g/dl whole blood

Normal Hemoglobin - Female

12-16 g/dl whole blood

Hemoglobin Structure

Complex quaternary structure with 4 globular protein subunits

Heme Structure

Each subunit has 1 molecule of heme containing 1 iron ion

Iron Ions Function

Easily associate with oxygen (oxyhemoglobin) or dissociate from oxygen (deoxyhemoglobin)

Fetal Hemoglobin

Strong form of hemoglobin found in embryo/fetus that takes oxygen from mother's hemoglobin at the placenta.

begins last 7 months in utero and continues over the first year. FH can be stimulated in adults with SCA or thalassemia – only adult from of hemaglobin is abnormal.

Hemoglobin Molecule Capacity

Each RBC has 280 million Hb molecules; each Hb has 4 heme units, totaling over 1 billion O2 molecules per RBC

Carbaminohemoglobin Formation With low oxygen (peripheral capillaries)

 Hemoglobin releases oxygen which makes plasma CO2 elevated, Alpha and beta chains binds carbon dioxide and carries it to lungs. Carbaminohemoglobin is formed. RBC then absorb O2 and releases CO2.

Alpha and beta chains bind carbon dioxide in peripheral capillaries to carry it to lungs

Anemia Definition

Hematocrit or hemoglobin levels are below normal, is caused by several conditions.

RBC Recycling Rate

1% of circulating RBCs wear out per day—about 3 million RBCs per second

Macrophages Location for RBCs

Liver, spleen, and bone marrow monitor RBCs and engulf them before membranes rupture (hemolyze)