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Healthcare environment

The creation of a helpful atmosphere and milieu at a healthcare setting in which a patient is undergoing treatment.

Coordination

Ensuring that the right healthcare environment is created and maintained at all times.

Factors in a good healthcare environment

A number of factors go into ensuring a good healthcare environment.

Hospital

An institution built, staffed and equipped for diagnosis and treatment of disease, as well as housing patients during the process.

History of hospitals

Hospitals have a long history dating back to ancient times, with various developments and advancements over the years.

Modern hospital classifications

Hospitals can be classified based on ownership and control, type of service rendered, length of stay, size, and facilities and administration provided.

Bed number and length of stay

Modern hospitals tend to have a limited number of beds, and the average length of stay varies depending on the type of hospital and patient needs.

Ownership and control

Hospitals can be owned and operated by the government, religious orders, municipalities, or private individuals.

Financing

Hospital operating costs can be supplemented by public or private sources, such as public revenues, social insurance, or private insurance funds.

General hospital

A hospital that admits all types of medical and surgical cases and may have additional facilities like dental services, nursery for premature infants, and ICU.

Specialized health and medical care facilities

These facilities are generally found in the developed world and often operate as departments of general hospitals or satellite operations.

Hospice

A guesthouse intended for pilgrims that provides care for patients with life-limiting illnesses, focusing on managing pain and improving quality of life.

Mission hospitals

Hospitals established by Christian missionaries to provide Western medicine and promote nursing as a profession.

Extended health care

Progressive care divided into categories like intensive care, intermediate care, self-care, long-term care, and organized home care.

Telemedicine

The provision of remote clinical services through electronic and visual means, providing convenience and improved access to medical advice or treatment.

CEO

The executive who reports to the governing board and provides leadership in implementing strategic goals and decisions set by the board.

Medical Staff

A formally organized self-governing unit within the hospital, composed of physicians and doctoral level healthcare professionals.

Physician

The leader of the clinical team who accurately diagnoses a patient's condition and prescribes the best and most cost-effective treatment plan.

Nursing Services

Responsible for carrying out the treatment plan developed by the physician and also known as patient care services.

Allied Health Care Services

Various departments that perform support functions to aid in diagnosis and treatment, such as the clinical laboratory, radiology department, rehabilitation services, and pharmacy.

Administrative Support Services

Non-medical services provided by departments such as business services, finance, accounting, admitting services, information services, human resources, marketing and planning, public relations, plant and materials management, fundraising, housekeeping, and security.

Radiology/Medical Imaging Department

A department within the hospital that includes sub-departments such as radiography, ultrasound, nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography, computed tomography, vascular ultrasound, interventional radiology, and radiation therapy.

Administrative Director

Reports to senior hospital administration and has direct responsibility and authority for the operation and organization of a specific department within the hospital.

Radiologists

Physicians who interpret x-ray imaging films and discuss the reports verbally with other doctors, playing a crucial role in patient care decisions regarding imaging tests.

Radiographers

Medical professionals responsible for producing high-quality medical images using advanced equipment such as CT, MRI, and mobile x-ray machines, but they are not responsible for interpreting the images they produce.

Principles of Management

The distinct process by which managers create, direct, maintain, and operate purposeful organizations through systemic, coordinated, and cooperative human effort.

Process of Management

Consists of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling, which are the key functions performed by managers.

Medical Radiation Sciences

The study of the use of radiation throughout medicine, including various forms of electromagnetic energy such as gamma radiation, X-rays, radiowaves, microwaves, visible light/sunlight, and their applications in diagnostics and treatments.

Radiation

Energy that is transmitted by waves through space or a medium, such as matter.

Energy

The capacity to operate or work.

Ionization

The process in which a neutral atom gains or loses an electron, resulting in a net charge.

Sound

A form of mechanical energy.

Electrocardiography

The imaging of electrical activities of the heart.

Electroencephalography

The imaging of electrical activities of the brain.

Thermograms

The body's natural emitted heat energy.

Nuclear Energy

Energy emitted by the nucleus of an atom, used in nuclear medicine.

X-rays/Roentgen Rays

Discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, these are used in radiography to create records (radiographs) of internal structures of the body.

Medical Team

A group of doctors and medical personnel who work together in a surgery or procedure to provide comprehensive care to patients.

History of Medicine

Traces the development of medical practices and knowledge throughout different periods, including prehistoric and primitive medicine, Egyptian medicine, classical medicine, Arabic medicine, medieval medicine, renaissance medicine, 17th and 18th-century medicine, 19th-century medicine, and 20th and 21st-century medicine.

History of Radiologic Technology

Focuses on the contributions of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, the discoverer of X-rays, and the development of various diagnostic and therapeutic technologies in radiology, such as diagnostic medical sonography, MRI, cardiovascular interventional technology, mammography, nuclear medicine, radiation therapy, bone densitometry, and computed tomography.

Archimedes

Explained the reaction of solids when placed in liquids.

Democritus

Described materials as being composed of ultimate particles and formulated the first atomic theory, considered the father of modern science.

Thales

Discovered some effects of electricity, which played a role in the discovery of X-rays.

Evangelista Torricelli

Produced the first-recognized vacuum when he invented a barometer.

Otto Van Guericke

Invented an air pump capable of removing air from a vessel or tube, improving the amount of evacuation and making better vacuum tubes available for experimentation.

William Gilbert of England

Studied electricity and magnetism, inventing a primitive electroscope.

Robert Boyle

Conducted experiments with electricity and earned a place among serious investigators.

Isaac Newton

Built and improved the static generator.

Charles Du Fay

Distinguished two different kinds of electricity and worked with glass, silk, and paper.

Abbe Jean-Antoine Nollet

Made significant improvements in the electroscope under vacuum conditions.

Benjamin Franklin

Conducted many electrical experiments and contributed to the understanding of electricity.

William Watson

Demonstrated a current of electricity and transmitted it through wires and a vacuum tube.

William Morgan

Noted the difference in color of partially evacuated tubes, observing that the amount of air in the tube determined the coloration.

Michael Faraday

Induced an electric current by moving a magnet in and out of a coil, leading to the concept of electromagnetic induction and advancements in generators, transformers, and high voltages for use in evacuated tubes.

Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff of Paris

Made significant improvements on induction coils.

Johann Wilhelm Hittorf

Made contributions to the understanding of cathode rays and their behavior in vacuum tubes.

Cathode rays

Streams of electrons emitted from the surface of a cathode.

Hittorf's works

Experiments with cathode rays that demonstrated matter being emitted from the cathode with enough energy to rotate a wheel placed within a tube.

Penetration of cathode rays

The ability of cathode rays to penetrate thin metal and project a few centimeters into the air.

Deflection of rays

The deviation of cathode rays due to magnetic fields.

Radiograph

An image produced using radiography, which was first achieved by William Goodspeed in 1890.

Photographic copy

The first copy of written material produced through photography, achieved by Johann Heinrich Schulze in 1727.

Film with gelatin silver bromide emulsion

A film produced by Richard Leach Maddox that became the basic component for film.

Roll-paper film

Film produced and patented by George Eastman.

Electricity distribution system

A system patented by Thomas Alva Edison in 1880 that was essential for capitalizing on the invention of the electric lamp.

Discovery of x-rays

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen's discovery of x-rays on November 8, 1895.

Radiograph after x-ray discovery

Michael Idvorsky Pupin's production of a radiograph two weeks after Roentgen's discovery.

Medical utility of radioactivity

Pierre Curie's observation that radium killed diseased cells, suggesting the medical use of radioactivity.

Discovery of radioactivity

Henri Becquerel's discovery in 1896 that uranium salts emitted rays resembling x-rays.

Refined knowledge of radioactivity

Marie Curie's contribution in refining the understanding of radioactivity and purifying radium metal.

Invention of cyclotron

Ernest Lawrence's invention of the cyclotron in 1932, a chamber that accelerated particles to high speeds.

Successful chain reaction

Enrico Fermi's achievement of inducing a successful chain reaction in a uranium pile at the University of Chicago in 1942.

Atomic bombs

The introduction of atomic bombs as weapons, demonstrated by the detonation of atomic devices in 1945 at White Sands, New Mexico.