Unit 8 WHAP Vocab (Decolonization & Conflict in the Middle East) (copy)

Economic Dependency

A situation where one country relies heavily on another for trade, investment, or resources, often leading to unequal power dynamics & vulnerability

Bandung Conference

Event held in 1955 in Indonesia, aimed at promoting Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation, advocating for decolonization and opposing colonialism

Algerian War for Independence

Conflict from 1954-1962 between Algeria and France, leading to Algeria gaining independence from French colonial rule

Biafran Civil War

Conflict in Nigeria from 1967-1970, where the secessionist state of Biafra sought independence, resulting in a humanitarian crisis

African Union

A continental union of 55 African countries established in 2001 to promote unity, peace, and development across the continent

FLN (National Liberation Front)

Algerian political party and resistance movement that fought against French colonial rule in Algeria (founded in 1954)

Kenya

Country in East Africa, capital is Nairobi; known for its diverse wildlife, safaris, and stunning landscapes including the Great Rift Valley

Nigeria

Country in West Africa known for its diverse culture, rich history, and vibrant music scene. Capital is Abuja, and the largest city is Lagos.

Partition of India

The division of British India into 2 separate nations, India & Pakistan, in 1947 based on religious lines, leading to mass displacement & violence

Igbos

Ethnic group in Nigeria known for their rich cultural heritage including traditional music, dance, and art. They are predominantly located in the southeastern region of Nigeria.

Kwame Nkrumah

Leader of Ghana’s independence movement and its first Prime Minister and President. Pioneered Pan-Africanism & advocated for African unity and decolonization

Charles De Gaulle

A French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during WWII. He later served as President of France and implemented various reforms

Kofi Annan

A Ghanaian diplomat who served as the 7th Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1997 to 2006. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001

Jomo Kenyatta

Leader of Kenya’s independence movement. 1st President of Kenya. Known for promoting Pan-Africanism and advocating for African unity

Muslim League

Organization founded in 1906 to protect the rights of Muslims in India and later played a key role in the creation of Pakistan in 1947

West Pakistan

The western region of Pakistan from 1947 to 1971, before splitting into Pakistan and Bangladesh after the Bangladesh Liberation War

East Pakistan

Former eastern province of Pakistan, now known as Bangladesh after gaining independence in 1971 following a war with West Pakistan

Bangladesh

Country in South Asia known for its vibrant culture, lush landscapes, and the world’s largest river delta, the Sundarbans. Capital is Dhaka

Kashmir

Region located in South Asia, disputed by India and Pakistan, known for its beautiful landscapes and ongoing conflict over sovereignty

Benazir Bhutto

The 1st woman to serve as Prime Minister of Pakistan. She was elected twice, in 1988 & 1993. She was assassinated in 2007

Nelson Mandela

A South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country’s 1st black head of state & the 1st elected in a fully representative democratic election

Apartheid

A system of institutionalized racial segregation & discrimination in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. It was based on the belief that the country’s white minority was superior to the black African majority

Afrikaans

A West Germanic language spoken in South Africa, Namibia & Botswana. It developed from the Dutch language spoken by settlers who arrived in South Africa in the 17th century

Homelands

Were designated areas where black Africans were forced to live. The govt claimed that these areas were independent states, but in reality, they were controlled by the white govt

Bantustans

Were the same as “homelands” designated areas in South Africa where black Africans were forced to live under apartheid

Freedom Charter

A document adopted in South Africa in 1955 by the Congress of the People. It outlined a vision for a democratic & non-racial South Africa, & it became a key document in the struggle against apartheid

Soweto

A large township in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was established in the 1930s as a segregated area for black Africans. Became a center of resistance to apartheid.

F.W. de Klerk

The last president of apartheid South Africa. He took office in 1989 & began dismantling the apartheid system. He released Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990, and he shared the Nobel Peace Prize w/ Mandela in 1993

African National Congress

Is a political party in South Africa. It was founded in 1912 to fight for the rights of black Africans under apartheid. Led the struggle against apartheid, and it has been the governing party of South Africa since 1994

Indian National Congress

Is a political party in India. It was founded in 1885 and played a leading role in the Indian independence movement

Pan-Africanism

A political movement that advocates for the unity & solidarity of all people of African descent

Gold Coast

The former name of the British colony that is now known as Ghana. It was named for the gold that was traded there.

Civil Disobedience

The refusal to obey laws/govt orders that are considered unjust. It is a form of nonviolent protest that aims to bring about social/political change

Salt March

Also known as the Dandi March, was a nonviolent protest led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930. It was a major turning point in the Indian independence movement

Pakistan

A country located in South Asia. It was created in 1947 when the British Raj was partitioned into India & Pakistan

Amritsar Massacre

A tragic event that took place in 1919 in Amritsar, India. British troops opened fire on a crowd of unarmed civilians who were gathered for a peaceful protest, killing hundreds.

Satyagraha Movement

A philosophy & practice of nonviolent resistance developed by Mahatma Gandhi. It emphasizes the importance of truth & nonviolence in the pursuit of social & political change

Quit India Movement

A nationwide campaign launched in India in 1942 demanding the British to leave India

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

A prominent lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan. He played a key role in the partition of India & the creation of Pakistan as a separate nation

Mohandas Gandhi

A prominent Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist & political ethicist. He employed nonviolent civil disobedience as a means to achieve India’s independence from British rule & inspired movements for civil rights & freedom across the world

La Matanza

The name of a partido (district) in the Greater Buenos Aires area. It’s known for its industrial activity & working-class population

• Can also refer to a massacre that occurred in Argentina in 1976, during the “Dirty War” dictatorship

Populism

A political approach that emphasizes the common person & often pits them against an elite establishment. It typically involves appealing to popular emotions & grievances, promising quick solutions to complex problems & often criticizing traditional institutions

Good Neighbor Policy

A foreign policy initiative launched by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s. It aimed to improve relations w/ Latin American countries & move away from the previous policy of interventionism & military dominance

Progressive Policy

Refers to a political ideology that advocates for social reform & progress

• An expenditure or transfer that increases the incomes of poorer households by more than richer households, in percentage terms.

Salvador Allende

A Chilean physician & politician who served as the President of Chile from 1970 to 1973. He was the 1st Marxist to be democratically elected as president of a Latin American country

Sykes-Picot Agreement

A secret agreement btwn the UK & France during WWI. It divided the Ottoman Empire’s territories in the Middle East into British & French spheres of influence

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

A political organization that represents the Palestinian people. It was founded in 1964 w/ the goal of establishing an independent Palestinian state

Arab League

A regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East & North Africa. It was founded in 1945 to promote cooperation & solidarity among its member states

Suez Crisis

An international conflict in 1856 over the control of the Suez Canal. Egypt had nationalized the canal, which was previously owned by a British-French company. This led to a military intervention by Britain, France & Israel, but they were forced to withdraw under pressure from the US & Soviet Union

Zionism

A movement that advocates for the establishment & support of a Jewish state in the historical region of Palestine

Arab Spring

A series of protests & uprisings that took place in the Middle East & North Africa in 2010 & 2011. The protests were sparked by a # of factors, including economic inequality, political corruption & a lack of political freedom

Intifada

Refers to 2 major uprisings by Palestinians against Israeli occupation in the West Bank & Gaza Strip. The 1st Intifada, “Stone Intifada,” lasted from 1987-1993 & involved widespread civil disobedience & potests. The 2nd Intifada, “Al-Aqsa Intifada,” began in 2000 & was characterized by more violent clashes & suicide bombings

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company

A British-owned company that controlled oil production in Iran from 1908-1951

Iranian Revolution

Also known as the Islamic Revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini, was a series of events that led to the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty & the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979

Ayatollah Khomeini

The leader of the Iranian Revolution & the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran. He was a Shia Muslim cleric & scholar who opposed the Western-backed rule of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi & advocated for an Islamic govt based on Islamic law

“The Great Satan”

A term used by some Islamic Extremists to refer to the US. It is a derogatory term that reflects a deep hostility towards the US govt & its policies in the Middle East

Secularism

The principle of separating religion from civic affairs & govt institutions. It’s the idea that the state should remain neutral on matters of religion & not favor any particular faith

Israel

A country in the Middle East, located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, is regarded by Jews, Christians and Muslims as the biblical Holy Land. Its most sacred sites are in Jerusalem.

Palestine

A geographic region in the Middle East, located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Shares borders with Israel to the east and north, Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the southwest.

6 Day War

A conflict fought in 1967 between Israel & a coalition of Arab states, including Egypt, Syria, & Jordan. The war lasted for 6 days & resulted in a decisive victory for Israel.

Yom Kippur War

Also known as the Ramadan War, was a conflict fought in 1973 btwn Israel & a coalition of Arab states, including Egypt & Syria

Gamal Abdel Nasser

An Egyptian military officer & politician who served as the 2nd President of Egypt from 1956-1970. He was a key figure in the Arab nationalist movement & played a leading role in the Suez Crisis of 1956 & the 6-Day War of 1967

Balfour Declaration

A public statement issued by the British govt in 1917 that expressed support for the establishment of a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine

Pan-Arab Nationalism

A political ideology that advocates for the unity of the Arab world

Non-Alignment Policy

Policy of not supporting either side in a conflict

Mohammad Mossadegh

An Iranian politician who served as the Prime Minister of Iran from 1951-1953. He is best known for his efforts to nationalize Iran’s oil industry, which led to a major international crisis & ultimately his overthrow in a coup led by US & UK

Shah Reza Khan

The founder & ruler of the Pahlavi dynasty in Iran from 1925-1941

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

The last Shah of Iran, reigning from 1941-1979. He was the son of Shah Reza Khan & continued his father’s modernization efforts