ap human geography ch 4,5,6

The alignment of ancient Chinese cities toward the cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) best illustrates the importance of which of the following factors in the shaping of these early cities?

a. belief systems
b. topography
c. economics
d. gender
e. technology

a. belief systems

Which scenario best explains the process of assimilation?

a. A family immigrates to a new country, settles near others from their homeland, and conducts most of their day-to-day activities within their ethnic neighborhood.

b. Despite the large number of historic churches in France, many French identify as nonreligious and believe that religion is a private matter.

c. The island of Mauritius has large populations of Christians, Hindus, and Muslims. The constitution of Mauritius prohibits discrimination and protects freedom of religion.

d. The American government educated Native American children in American-style boarding schools. All of the children were taught English, and girls were taught how to be homemakers.

e. Hinduism diffused from India to Bali, where it blended with traditional Balinese beliefs to create a form of Hinduism unique to Bali.

d. The American government educated Native American children in American-style boarding schools. All of the children were taught English, and girls were taught how to be homemakers.

The state of California, often considered a hearth of environmental laws, will be the first to ban plastic straws. Which of the following statements best describes the likely spread of this environmental practice?

a. This practice will likely spread via hierarchical diffusion when the president of the United States signs an executive order banning plastic straws in all states.

b. This practice will likely spread via social media and stimulus diffusion when other states enact identical laws banning plastic straws.

c. As regional news organizations report on the ban, this practice will likely spread through contagious diffusion only to western states adjacent to California.

d. Strong lobbying by the plastics industry will likely curtail the diffusion of the ban, and this practice will be limited to California.

e. Similar environmental laws will likely spread through stimulus diffusion to other states via political activism.

e. Similar environmental laws will likely spread through stimulus diffusion to other states via political activism.

Christianity has expanded through repeated patterns of relocation diffusion to spread to the Americas. Which of the following explains the impacts of this diffusion on Christianity in the Americas?

A. The repeated relocations have resulted in a wide diversity of Christian beliefs and practices

B. The repeated relocations have resulted in a single form of Christian religious beliefs and practices.

C. The repeated relocations have resulted in a decline in the size of the Christian population.

D. The repeated relocations have resulted in a single ethnic Christian population.

E. The repeated relocations have resulted in a small number of ethnic Christian populations.

A. The repeated relocations have resulted in a wide diversity of Christian beliefs and practices

Identify which of the following concepts or processes is symbolized by the pagoda in the image.

A. Acculturation
B. Material culture
C. Assimilation
D. Cultural trait
E. Syncretism

D. Cultural trait

In contrast to folk culture, popular culture is typical of...

A. large heterogeneous groups

B. indigenous groups

C. groups that have little interaction with other groups

D. small homogeneous groups

E. groups living in isolated areas

A. large heterogeneous groups

Which of the following describes the process of creolization?

A. The mix of Native American, African, and European influences to create new cultural forms

B. The representations of Spanish, Portuguese, and French linguistic culture on the landscape of Latin America

C. The layering of the European cultural landscape over the Native American landscape

D. The exchange of crops and animals between the Old World and the New World

E. The adoption of Native American toponyms for place-names of European settlements

A. The mix of Native American, African, and European influences to create new cultural forms

The term "cultural diffusion" refers to the

A. modification of Earth's surface by human actions

B. integration of behavioral traits within a group

C. spread of an idea or innovation from
its source

D. relationship between human cultures and their physical environment

E. assimilation of a minority culture into the host society

C. spread of an idea or innovation from
its source

TEMPLE AND STATUE OF SHIVA, MURDESHWAR, INDIA

The figure presents a photograph titled "Temple and Statue of Shiva, Murdeshwar, India." It shows a large statue of Shiva and a temple complex. The statue of Shiva is sitting cross-legged on top of a temple building. The temple complex is located along the coast and among other buildings.

TEMPLE AND STATUE OF BUDDHA, KRABI, THAILAND

The figure presents a photograph titled Temple and Statue of Buddha, Krabi, Thailand. It shows a large statue of Buddha and a temple complex. The statue of Buddha is surrounded on all sides by temple buildings.

Comparing both photographs, each image shows the significance of temples, religious statuary, and iconography on the

A. cultural hearth
B. ethnic culture
C. traditional toponyms
D. cultural landscape
E. colonial architecture

D. cultural landscape

Which of the following statements explains the regional location in the United States where the figures shown in the image (skills in spain) are most likely part of the cultural landscape?

A. The Northeast, because residents are influenced by British Protestantism.

B. The Southeast, because residents are influenced by traditional religions from West Africa.

C. The Great Plains, because residents are influenced by Native American traditional religions.

D. The Southwest, because residents are influenced by Spanish Catholicism.

E. The Northwest, because residents are influenced by Russian Orthodoxy.

D. The Southwest, because residents are influenced by Spanish Catholicism.

As Buddhism diffused through East Asia, Buddhist traditions blended with local cultural customs to create distinct religious practices, such as Daoism in China and Shinto in Japan. Which of the following terms best describes this blending of cultural traditions?

A. Assimilation
B. Acculturation
C. Possibilism
D. Multiculturalism
E. Syncretism

E. Syncretism

Which of the following correctly pairs a global religion described with its hearth region of origin?

A. Buddhism and East Asia
B. Christianity and Latin America
C. Islam and Central Asia
D. Hinduism and South Asia
E. Judaism and eastern Europe

D. Hinduism and South Asia

MOSQUE, MOROCCO (left)
MOSQUE, CHINA (right)

The figure presents two photographs. The photograph on the left shows a mosque in Morocco. It is located in a large open area, extends tall into the sky, and is ornate in its design. The photograph on the right shows a mosque in China. It is located amongst natural features of the region and is simpler in its design.

Based on the two images, which of the following statements best explains the geographic process that took place as Islam diffused from its hearth?

A. Islam is confined to the Middle East because it is an ethnic religion that appeals to only one group of people in one region.

B.The diffusion of Islam has resulted in a cultural landscape in China that has been radically altered to reflect Islamic architecture.

C. Islam diffused hierarchically to the west through conquest and to the east through relocation via missionaries along trade routes.

D. The diffusion of Islam has had a minimal impact on regions to the west and east of its hearth in the Middle East.

E. The universalizing nature of Islam has allowed it to become worldwide in scope and the dominant religion in North America and Europe.

C. Islam diffused hierarchically to the west through conquest and to the east through relocation via missionaries along trade routes.

Which of the following best exemplifies the diffusion of popular culture throughout the world in contemporary society?

A. The increasing popularity of a fashion trend that originates in a large city, such as New York, and spreads to small rural towns

B. The spread of an Internet meme via social media applications

C. The spread of a religion through the migration of adherents of the religion

D. The increasing popularity of a new band that spends a year touring cities around the world

E. The spread of new slang that becomes widely used in government-funded schools

B. The spread of an Internet meme via social media applications

Sometimes a diffusion process encounters barriers that slow or stop the spread of an innovation. Which of the following is an example of such a barrier?

A. A lack of infrastructure to support a new technology

B. A change in the price of energy

C. A jump from contagious to hierarchical diffusion

D. A transition from stimulus to contagious diffusion

E. A new form of media to broadcast information

A. A lack of infrastructure to support a new technology

Which of the following statements best explains why English is the most widely spoken language in North America?

A. The English language initially diffused to North America through the process of relocation diffusion. A number of colonies were established and settled by people from Great Britain.

B. The English language diffused throughout North America through the process of hierarchical diffusion. The language was initially spoken in cities and was gradually adopted by people living in rural areas.

C. The English language diffused to North America through the process of contagious diffusion. Christian missionaries were responsible for the spread of the language among the indigenous population.

D. The English language was established as the official language of all of the British colonies in North America. Over time, it diffused throughout the population from the colonial leadership to the population.

E. The English language became a widely spoken language in North America in the twentieth century. This primarily occurred as a way of unifying the immigrant populations in both the United States and Canada.

A. The English language initially diffused to North America through the process of relocation diffusion. A number of colonies were established and settled by people from Great Britain.

An ethnic neighborhood is best described as which of the following?

A. An involuntary community where people with similar values reside

B. A rural community where people with similar backgrounds are required to live

C. A voluntary urban community where people of similar origin reside

D. An area in the inner city where certain groups are forced to live

E. A city neighborhood that is undergoing population change due to immigration

C. A voluntary urban community where people of similar origin reside

Which of the following is an example of an ethnic religion?

A. Islam
B. Mormonism
C. Buddhism
D. Judaism
E. Roman Catholicism

d. Judaism

Which of the following is most accurate with regard to food preferences and taboos?

A. Food preferences are stronger than taboos as seen by the high consumption of beef on the Deccan Plateau.

B. Food preferences and taboos have little influence on the diet in Arabia and Southeast Asia.

C. Some foods are avoided for religious or cultural reasons even at the expense of a balanced diet.

D. Food preferences and taboos show little variability between cultures.

E. Low hog production in China demonstrates an avoidance of pork by the Chinese.

C. Some foods are avoided for religious or cultural reasons even at the expense of a balanced diet.

GAELIC AND ENGLISH ROAD SIGN IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

The figure presents a photograph of a road sign from the Republic of Ireland. The sign has an emblem at the top, which states Cork County Council, 1899. Under the emblem, the following text is written: Fáilte go Contae Chorcaí. Welcome to County Cork. At the bottom of the sign, the following website is provided: www.corkcoco.ie. In the background, there are hills and vegetation.

The sign shown in the image includes an Internet address for the county government. Explain how the sign illustrates the cultural tensions between traditional languages and English.

A. The Internet spreads the use of English as a global lingua franca, but the Internet is also a place where traditional languages can be communicated and thrive.

B. English is used for business and commerce on the Internet, while traditional languages such as Gaelic can only be heard in poems and music recordings but not written on the Internet.

C. The Internet is produced only in English; as a result, many traditional languages disappear due to the dominance of English-language communication.

D. Many countries ban the use of English-language Internet sites in an effort to resist the forces of globalization and protect their traditional languages.

E. English is being used less outside of the United Kingdom. Speaking a traditional language as a first language has become the norm in former British colonies.

A. The Internet spreads the use of English as a global lingua franca, but the Internet is also a place where traditional languages can be communicated and thrive.

The photograph shows a road sign in the Republic of Ireland. Which of the following best describes the sign's significance within the cultural landscape?

A. The sign indicates that County Cork is a linguistic region of the Republic of Ireland.

B. The sign delineates an international political border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

C. The sign promotes the use of a single language in the region.

D. The sign promotes the use of traditional language among citizens of the Republic of Ireland.

E. The sign represents a uniform cultural identity within the region.

D. The sign promotes the use of traditional language among citizens of the Republic of Ireland.

According to the figure above, which of the following choices best describes the changes in interaction as distance increases? 📉

A. It remains unchanged.
B. It increases at first and then decreases.
C. It increases.
D. It changes randomly.
E. It decreases.

E. It decreases

A world map of hog production per capita would reveal the lowest values in which of the following regions?

A. The United States Midwest
B. Southeast Asia
C. Western Europe
D. The Middle East
E. China

D. The Middle East

Which of the following best explains how immigration affects the cultural landscape of religion?

A. Immigrants often retain their religion during the process of acculturation, contributing to religious diversity within the cultural landscape of the receiving country.

B. Immigrant communities fuse their own religion with the dominant religion in the receiving country to create a syncretic religion.

C. Ethnic religions do not diffuse past their hearth, so immigrants must adopt a new religion when relocating to a new country.

D. Immigrants bring their religion with them when they relocate, and their religion quickly spreads to the overwhelming majority of citizens in the receiving country.

E. Immigrants' original religions disappear as immigrants fully assimilate into their new culture and adopt the dominant religion of the area.

A. Immigrants often retain their religion during the process of acculturation, contributing to religious diversity within the cultural landscape of the receiving country.

Cities in India have a competitive advantage over cities in China as locations for international consumer services, such as call centers and bill processing. This advantage has its origins in which of the following?

A. Low levels of primary-level education in China

B. The Indian government's status as a neutral state in global political affairs

C. The English language legacy of British colonialism in India

D. Large amounts of mineral resource's found in China used to manufacture goods for export

E. Chinese emigration to Southeast Asia in the 1800s and 1900s

C. The English language legacy of British colonialism in India

Which of the following correctly sequences the continuum from language family to dialect?

A. Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Arabic, Berber
B. Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic, Mandarin, Chinese
C. Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Hindi, Bengali
D. Indo-European, Baltic-Slavic, Russian, Ukranian
E. Indo-European, Germanic, English, Midland-Northern

e. Indo-European, Germanic, English, Midland-Northern

Based on the map, which of the following languages are most likely to be spoken in counties where 60 percent or more of residents spoke a language other than English at home?

A. French and French Creole languages
B. Spanish and American Indian languages
C. German and Dutch
D. Russian and Hindi
E. Chinese and Arabic

B. Spanish and American Indian languages

If four languages have similar words for numbers and the names of fish, but different names for a certain disease, what might be concluded about the time at which the disease first diffused?

A. The disease spread among a population that later divided and evolved into four different languages.

B. The population divided and evolved into the four different languages, and then the disease spread.

C. The disease spread to two different populations that later divided into two different languages.

D. The disease and language spread to four different regions at the same time at the same rate.

E. There can be no conclusions drawn about the initial diffusion of the disease based on language.

B. The population divided and evolved into the four different languages, and then the disease spread.

The world's three major monotheistic religions originated in which of the following regions?

A. East Asia
B. Southwest Asia
C. Eastern Europe
D. Western Europe
E. Africa

B. Southwest Asia

How does the map illustrate global diffusion of the French language from its cultural hearth in Paris?

A. The map shows how French-language movies, music, and literature dominate global entertainment media.

B. The map shows how France was an ancient-culture hearth from which the French language spread through expansion diffusion.

C. The map shows how in many areas of the former French empire the language persists despite the independence of former colonies.

D. The map shows how French civil servants established schools in many parts of the French colonial empire.

E. The map shows how people's love of French food has facilitated the spread of the French language to many parts of the world.

C. The map shows how in many areas of the former French empire the language persists despite the independence of former colonies.

The map shows the distribution of the language family that has the largest number of speakers in the world. Which statement correctly identifies the language family shown and the method of diffusion that best explains the pattern?

A. The map shows the distribution of the Amerindian language family, which diffused from its hearth in Canada and spread southward into South America through contagious diffusion and into Europe and Asia through trade and hierarchal diffusion.

B. The map shows the distribution of the Sino-Tibetan language family, which diffused from its hearth in China and spread into Europe by contagious diffusion and to the Americas through stimulus diffusion.

C. The map shows the distribution of the Uralic language family, which diffused from its hearth in Iceland and spread into northern Europe through contagious diffusion by Norse trading groups.

D. The map shows the distribution of the Indo-European language family, which diffused from its hearth in the Caucasus Mountains and spread throughout Eurasia through contagious diffusion and into the Americas, Africa, and Australia through colonialism and relocation diffusion.

E. The map shows the distribution of the Afro-Asiatic language family, which diffused from it hearth in Egypt and spread throughout the Arabian Peninsula and into Eurasia through contagious diffusion and into the Americas through colonialism and relocation diffusion.

D. The map shows the distribution of the Indo-European language family, which diffused from its hearth in the Caucasus Mountains and spread throughout Eurasia through contagious diffusion and into the Americas, Africa, and Australia through colonialism and relocation diffusion.

Which of the following is true of popular culture?

A. It is practiced among a homogeneous group of people in the world.

B. It is more static than folk culture.

C. It incorporates traits that diffuse quickly to a wide variety of places.

D. It spreads primarily by relocation diffusion.

E. It promotes regional diversity.

c. It incorporates traits that diffuse quickly to a wide variety of places

The principal religion of Central and South America is
A. Eastern Orthodoxy
B. Roman Catholicism
C. Buddhism
D. Islam
E. Protestantism

B. Roman Catholicism

Which of the following religions is appropriately matched with its region of origin?

A. Islam . . Egypt
B. Judaism . . Spain
C. Hinduism . . China
D. Buddhism . . India
E. Christianity . . Germany

D. Buddhism . . India

In which of the following countries has the diffusion of Christianity met the most resistance?

A. China
B. Brazil
C. Italy
D. Mexico
E. South Africa

A. China

Swahili in East Africa and English in global commerce are examples of
A. pidgin languages
B. lingua franca
C. standard language
D. creole language
E. official language

b) lingua franca

Which of the following is a term used in the study of place names?

A. Isonyms
B. Phenonyms
C. Acronyms
D. Toponyms
E. Loconyms

D. Toponyms