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What factors contributed to the decline of narrative illustration in the 1950s?
Improvements in paper, printing, and photography reduced the edge illustrators had over photographers.
How did traditional illustrators create more convincing images than photography before the 1950s?
By exaggerating value contrasts, intensifying color, and making edges and details sharper than life.
Which group of young New York graphic artists began a more conceptual approach to illustration in the 1950s?
Seymour Chwast, Milton Glaser, Reynolds Ruffins, and Edward Sorel.
What was the name of the joint publication created by these artists?
The Push Pin Almanack.
What did the Push Pin Almanack feature?
Editorial material from old almanacs illustrated by the group.
When was the Push Pin Studio formed?
August 1954, when Milton Glaser returned from Europe.
What was the global influence of the Push Pin Studio artists?
integration of image making and layout in graphic design, uniting these tasks into a total communication.
Describe Seymour Chwast's artistic vision.
Personal yet universal, incorporating elements of children's art, primitive art, folk art, expressionist woodcuts, and comic books.
What technique did Chwast frequently use in his work?
Line drawings overlaid with adhesive color films and experimenting with various media and substrata.
What distinguishes Chwast's color usage from Glaser's?
Chwast's color is frontal and intense, maintaining absolute flatness, in contrast to Glaser's spatial depth.
What design technique involves combining two symbols to create a "fused image"?
A method to unite form and content for memorable images in book covers, posters, and advertisements.
Give an example of a "fused image" design by Paul Rand.
The cover design for Modern Art in Your Life, using a household place setting and artists’ tools.
How did Louis Danziger create a memorable image for the Metropolitan Museum of Art?
By using the American flag and an artist’s paintbrush to symbolize American painting.
What was Pop Art?
An international movement in painting, printmaking, and sculpture that began after WWII with the rise of consumerism in the 1950s and 1960s.
Which cities were significant centers for Pop Art?
New York, Los Angeles, London, as well as later developments in France and Germany
Name four prominent New York artists associated with Pop Art.
Andy Warhol,
Roy Lichtenstein,
James Rosenquist,
Claes Oldenburg.
What did Pop Art celebrate?
The consumerism and materialism after the war.
How did Pop Art use imagery?
By taking imagery from advertisements, magazines, and comics, and altering it by adding color, producing collages, etc.
What was the primary goal of the Pop Art movement regarding cultural boundaries?
To blur the boundaries between 'high' art and 'low' popular culture.
How was Pop Art perceived in terms of its relation to traditional art?
It was sometimes considered “anti-art” and “anti-elitist.”
Which earlier art movements influenced Pop Art?
Dadaism and Anti-Abstract Expressionism.
Describe the influence of Dadaism on Pop Art.
Dadaists combined arbitrary images to provoke reactions, influencing the anti-art nature of Pop Art.
How did Pop Art react to Abstract Expressionism?
It developed as a reaction against the perceived elitism of Abstract Expressionism.
What historical and social factors did Pop Art represent?
It represented the popular culture of the 1960s, using celebrities and products familiar to everyone at the time.
When was the term "Pop Art" first used to describe the work of specific artists?
1961, describing the work of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein.
What was the significance of "Soft Toilet" by Claes Oldenburg?
It rebelled against Abstract Expressionism by using mundane household items made from soft materials, creating a surreal, expressive form.
Describe Andy Warhol's sculpture work in the mid-1960s.
He created plywood boxes painted and silkscreened with logos of consumer products, mimicking supermarket cartons.
What was the reaction to Warhol's supermarket carton sculptures?
They caused controversy due to their mundane, commercial subject matter and machine-made look.
What is one characteristic of Postmodernism reflected in Pop Art?
The idea that there is no hierarchy of culture and that art may borrow from any source
What does Pop Art signify about access to the natural world or built environment?
That we can have no unmediated access to anything; everything is interconnected
What is the term for combining two symbols to create a "fused image" in graphic design?
A technique used to unite form and content, creating memorable images.
Which artist used a common household place setting and artists' tools as a visual metaphor in a book cover design?
Paul Rand
Who used the American flag and an artist's paintbrush to create a memorable image for American painting at the Metropolitan Museum of Art?
Louis Danziger.
