Inflammation (Cram)

What is the latin word meaning "to set on fire"?

Inflammare

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

1. Heat

2. Redness

3. Swelling

4. Pain

5. Loss of function

What are the latin names for the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

1. Calor – Heat

2. Rubor – Redness

3. Tumor – Swelling

4. Dolor – Pain

5. Functio laesa – Loss of function

Suffix that means inflammation of a particular tissue or organ

Itis (ex. dermatitis, orchitis, meningitis, etc)

What are the three ways that inflammation minimizes the effect of an irritant?

1. Attack

2. Inactivate

3. Destroy

Accumulation of fluid and cells in the tissue effected by inflammation

Exudate

Where are the two places that exudate may collect?

1. On the serosal surface (outer surface)

2. Within tissues

What are the five functions of inflammatory exudate? Remember: Don't Let Dads Ride Rollarcoasters (mine always threw up)

1. Dilute

2. Localize

3. Destroy

4. Remove

5. Replace

What are the three componants of the inflammatory response?

1. Vascular response

2. Cellular response

3. Chemotaxis

What is present in tissues in an inactive form, and is activated by injury?

Chemical mediators (ex. histamins, prostagladin, kinins)

What are the two effects of chemical mediators?

1. Vasodilation

2. Increased permeability

Migration of blood cells through the unruptured wall of capillary vessles

Diapedesis

What are the movements that leukocytes do during diapedesis?

Amoeboid movements

What WBC is usually the first to respond to injury?

Neutrophils

What are the three things that neutrophils respond well to?

1. Bacteria

2. Necrotic tissue

3. Antigen–antibody reactions

What are the two functions of neutrophils?

1. Phagocytosis

2. Lysosome release

Because phagocytosis and lysosome release stimulate the inflammatory response by damaging tissue, inflammation is said to be ___________

self–perpetuating

On a leukogram, the hallmark of inflammation is what?

Left shift

Neutrophilia with an increased number of immature neutrophils (mature neutrophils still out number immature)

Regenerative left shift

Normal neutrophil count or neutropenia with increased immature neutrophils, or the number of bands approaches of exceeds the number of mature neutrophils

Degenerative left shift

What are the two situations where more eosinophils are seen?

1. Allergic reactions

2. Parasites

Eosinophils can produce pus, especially in what species?

Cats

True or false: Basophils are primarily found in circulation, not tissues

True

What type of cell has similar properties to basophils?

Mast cells (but these can be found in tissue)

Basophils are part of the phagocytic system, is it phagocytic?

No. Despite being part of this system, basophils do not phagocytize

What are the two things that basophils release?

1. Histamines

2. Heparin

Anticoagulant released by basophils that prevents clotting so other WBC's can move freely

Heparin

Vasodilator released by basophils which promotes blood flow to the tissues

Histamine

What kind of symptoms are basophils associated with?

Allergic symptoms

What kind of response are lymphocytes primarily associated with?

Immune responses

What two areas do lymphocytes rove back and forth between?

1. Circulation

2. Lymph tissue

Monocytes are associated with ________ inflammation

chronic

True or false: Monocytes respond later than other WBC's to tissue insult/injury

True

What do monocytes become in tissue?

Macrophages

What is the primary function of monocytes?

Phagocytosis

What type of cell is formed by the activation and differentiation of macrophages?

Epithelioid cell

What gives epithelioid cells their name?

Large and flattened like epithelium

Epithelioid cells are common in what type of lesion?

Granulomatous lesions

What are some examples of diseases featuring epithelioid cells?

Tuberculosis, johnes disease, syphilis

What type of cells develop from the further differentiation and fusion of epithelioid cells?

Giant cells

Giant cells are common in what type of reaction?

Foreign body reaction

What are the two ways to classify exudates?

1. Chronological (time)

2. Morphological (appearence)

What are the four chronological catagories?

1. Per acute <24hrs

2. Acute >24hrs

3. Subchronic 1–3 weeks

4. Chronic weeks, months, year

What are the six morphological catagories? Remember: Seniors F*cking Hate Cats Peeing in Gardens

1. Serous

2. Fibrinous

3. Hemorrhagic

4. Catarrhal

5. Purulent

6. Granulomatous

Which morphological catagory is this exudate?

Serous. It's watery and clear. May be cloudy as neutrophils begin to appear (picture is of a blister)

Which morphological catagory is this exudate?

Catarrhal. The primary component is mucus (ex. respiratory infection)

Which morphological catagory is this exudate?

Hemorrhagic (picture is of a dog with parvovirus)

Which morphological catagory is this exudate?

Fibrinous. Is a gelatinous yellow fluid or solid rubber mat

What bacterial disease features fibrinous exudate?

Bovine shipping fever

What two surfaces can fibrinous exudate form on?

1. Serosal surface

2. Mucosal surface

True or false: Fibrinous exudate indicates severe vascular injury, allowing leakage of large plasma proteins such as fibrinogen

True

What does fibrinogen polymerize into?

Fibrin

Organization of fibrinous exudates into fibrinous tissue can cause _____ tissue

scar

What is fibrinous exudate called when it entirely fills the lumen of an organ?

Fibrin cast

What is fibrinous exudate called when it is embedded in tissue and not easily removed?

Diptheretic membrane

Which morphological catagory is this exudate?

Purulent. It is primarily composed of pus

Term for the process of pus formation?

Suppuration

Term for something causing pus to be formed

Pyogenic (ex. Strep. equi, Staph. aureus)

Term for a circumscribed (partially walled off) collection of pus

Abscess

Term for when an abscess drains to the skin

Fistula

Term for a localized collection of pus under the epidermis

Pustule

Term for a collection of pus within a body cavity or hollow organ

Empyema (ex. pyothorax)

Which morphological catagory is this exudate?

Granulomatous exudate (picture is a lick granuloma)

What are the two predominant components of granulomatous exudate?

1. Marcophages

2. Lymphocytes