Lesson 2: Reproduction and Embryonic in Plants and Animalsr

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• the generation of genetically varied offspring from two parents

• produces genetically varied offspring from the fertilization of an egg and a sperm

• diffusion of sex cells to form zygote

ASEXUAL REPRODUCITON

• occurs when a produce offspring is genetically identical to the sole parent

• is the generation of genetically identical offspring from a sole parents

• cloning

ASEXUAL RREPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

• a type of reproduction that produces identical offspring from a single parent plant

• one strategy of plants reproducing asexually is through its vegetative parts, such as stems, roots, and leaves

• the new plant that results from this type of reproduction is genetically identical to its parent plant

• can occur naturally or artificially with the aid of humans

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

• the type of reproduction in plant from its vegetative parts or specialized reproductive structures

• rhizomes, corm, bulb, and tubes

ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION METHODS

• is often faster than growing plants from seeds

• layering, budding, grafting, and tissue culture (laboratory technique only)

FLOWER

• are the sexual reproductive structures of angiosperms (flowering plants)

1.SEPALS
2.PETALS
3.STAMENS
4.CARPELS

• four major parts

SEPALS

• a leaf-like structure protecting the bud as the flower develop

PETALS

• variety of colors, shapes, and size make them attractive to specific pollinators

STAMENS

• the male organ of the flowering plant

• long, filaments structures

• consist of anther and filament

CARPELS

• the vase-like structure, contain the eggs

• are made up of the stigma, style, and ovary

1.ANTHER
2.FILAMENT

• parts of a flower (male organs — stamens)

ANTHER

• makes tiny grains called pollen, which contains male sex cells

FILAMENT

• holds up the anther

1.STIGMA
2.STYLE
3.OVARY

• parts of a flower (female organs — carpels)

STIGMA

• top part of the carpel with sticky surface to trap pollen

STYLE

• joining the stigma and the ovary

OVARY

• contains the female sex cells called ovules

1.FERTILIZATION OF THE OVULE OCCURS
2.OVARY MATURES INTO A FRUIT, AND THE OVULE MATURES INTO A SEED WITH THE EMBRYO
3.FRUIT ENCLOSES THE SEED
4.THE SEED GERMINATES
5.EMBRYO GROWS INTO A SEEDLING, THEN INTO AN ADULT PLANT

• life cycle of angiosperms

POLLINATION

• is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma

SEED

• is a reproductive structure where a plant embryo and a food source are contaminated within a seed coat (testa)

GERMINATION

• the sprouting of a seed, spore, o rother reproduction body, usually after a period of dormancy

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

• whereby a single parent produces an offspring by cell division or without the fusion of two gametes

• organisms can produce many offspring in a short time without exerting much energy to either produce the gametes or to find a mate (advantages)

• the last of variation among individuals and the changing environment may wipe out a group of these organisms that cannot easily adapt to sudden changes in their environment (disadvantages)

1.BINARY FISSION
2.FISSION
3.BUDDING
4.FRAGMENTATION
5.REGENERATION
6.PARTHENOGENESIS

• examples of asexual reproduction in animals

1.IRREGULAR
2.LONGITUDINAL
3.TRANSVERSE
4.OBLIQUE

• types of binary fission

FISSION

• unicellular or one-celled organisms, such as Amoeba or paramecium, can produce an exact copy of the parent

BUDDING

• wherein an outgrown (bud) arises from the body of the parent

• hydras

FRAGMENTATION

• organism is split into fragments, and each fragment grow into complete, individual organisms that are clones of the original organism

• Planaria

REGENERATION

• is the process of regrowth that organisms that allows for partial or complete regrowth of tissue after a damaging event

• regeneration of sea star

PARTHENOGENESIS

• is a form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized

• it occurs commonly among lower plants and invertebrate animals (particularly rotifers, aphids, ants, wasps, and bees) and rarely among higher vertebrates

1.DRONES
2.WORKER AND QUEEN

• honey bees

DRONES

• males produced through parthenogenesis (haploid)

WORKER AND QUEEN

• females produced from fertilized eggs, (diploid)

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

• a process in which new individuals are formed from sex cells or gametes produced by the parents in their sexual organs

GAMETOGENESIS

• the process by which gametes or germ cells, are produced in an organism

HERMAPHRODITES

• animals possess both male & female organs

• this occurrence is advantageous if an animal rarely meets members of its own species for mating

HAMLET BASS

• is a fish that can produce both eggs and sperm

• in mating, one of the fish can be switch from producing eggs that are fertilized by its partner, to producing sperms that fertilize it’s partner’s eggs

1.GAMETOGENESIS
2.SPAWNING OR MATING
3.FETILIZATION

• three fundamental steps production

SPAWNING OR MATING

• bringing gametes together

FERTILIZATION

• fusion of gametes

1.EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
2.INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

• 2 types of fertilization

EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION

• is characterized by the release of both sperm and eggs into an external environment: sperm will fertilize the egg outside of the organisms (most fishes or amphibians)

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

• fertilization takes place inside the body of the female (reptiles & mammals)

OVIPAROUS

• animals that lay eggs

OVOVIVIPAROUS

• producing young by means of eggs which are hatched within the body of the parents (sharks & stingray)

VIVIPAROUS

• animals are the ones that give live birth

1.GONADS FOR GAMETE PRODUCTION
2.DUCTS FOR GAMETE DELIVERY AND STOCK PILING
3.STRUCTURES FOR COPULATION

• male & female reproductive system have three similarities

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• are to produce the ova or egg cells and to provide a suitable environment to nourish a fertilized egg

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• the hormonal control of the reproductive system is done by hypothalamus

• produces a releasing hormone which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)

• signals the testes to produce sperm

LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)

• activates secretion of androgens, including the testosterone, which also enhances sperm production

ANDROGENS

• control sperm production through negative feedback mechanism