Psych Unit 2 AOS 1

Social Cognition is

how we make sense of the world.

Person perception refers to

the mental processes we use to form impressions and draw conclusions about the personal characteristics of other people.

The Halo Effect is

is a cognitive bias in which the impression we form about a person influences our beliefs and expectations about the person in other qualities.

Attitudes are

an evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event, or issue.

The Tri-component model of attitudes are

Affective component, Behavioural component, and Cognitive component.

Affective component refers to

the emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object, person, group, event, or issue. E.g. loves music

Behavioural component refers to

the way in which an attitude is expressed through our actions. E.g. works on music a lot, running to keep fit.

Cognitive component refers to

the beliefs about an object, person, group, event, or issue. E.g believes music is best subject

Limitation of Tri-component model of attitudes is

that there can be inconsistencies between a person's attitudes and their actual behaviour.

Advantage of Tri-component model of attitudes is

the three are usually consistent, creates a strong attitude.

Factors that can influence attitudes and behaviour are

strength, accessibility, social context, and perceived contact.

Strength of the attitude refers to

that the stronger the attitude, the more likely it is to be stable, consistent over time, resist change, and can influence/predict behaviour.

An accessible attitude also intertwines with

the strength of the attitude.

Social Context...

whether an attitude leads to an actual behaviour is dependent on the situation in which that person is in at the time.

Classical conditioning is

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are paired together repeatedly.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) is

what automatically leads to an unconditioned response (UCR).

Unconditioned Response (UCR) is

the automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

The neutral stimulus (NS) occurs

before conditioning where there is no conditioned response.

The conditioned stimulus (CS) is

the neutral stimulus (NS) after conditioning that leads to a conditioned response (CR).

The conditioned response (CR) is

the response to the conditioned stimulus (CS), now after conditioning.

Operant conditioning is

consequences that lead to changes in voluntary behaviour.

Types of operate conditioning are;

positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement (escape and active avoidance), positive punishment and negative punishment.

Social learning is

the importance of the social environment in which learning occurs as we watch others and also see the consequences of how people think, feel, and behave.

Stereotypes are

a collection of beliefs that we have about the people who have about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among members of that group.

Prejudice is defined as

holding a negative attitude towards the members of a group based solely on their membership of that group.

Discrimination refers to

the positive or negative behaviour that is directed towards a social group and its members. This occurs towards a single person or a specific group.

The difference between prejudice and discrimination is

that prejudice is the attitude while discrimination is the behaviour.

Two methods that can be used to reduce prejudice are

intergroup contact and a superordinate goal.

Intergroup contact is

Increasing direct contact between two groups who are prejudiced against each other.

A superordinate goal is

a goal that cannot be achieved by one group alone and overrides other existing goals which each group might have.

Difference between status and social power is status refers to

the importance of an individual's position in the group, as perceived by members of the group, while social power is when power (ability to control or influence the thoughts, feelings or behaviour of another person) is involved in a social interaction.

A role is

the behaviour adopted by an individual or assigned to them that influences the way in which they function or act in different situations and life in general.

The aim of Zimbardo's prison experiment was

to find the effects of roles, labels and social expectations of either being a prison guard or prisoner.

The hypothesis of Zimbardo's prison experiment was

that the participants will conform to the roles and social expectations of their roles.

The conclusion of Zimbardo's prison experiment was

that it revealed how people will readily conform to the social roles they are expected to play, especially if the roles are strongly stereotyped as those of prison guards.

Two ethical concerns of Zimbardo's prison experiment were

withdrawal rights and informed consent.

Obedience occurs when

we follow the commands of someone with authority or the rules, or laws, of society.

Milgram conducted his obedience experiment to

to investigate factors that can influence obedience to an authority figure.

Milgram's aim was

to investigate factors that influence obedience.

The results of Milgram's experiment were

that most people would administer the shocks, even if the 'learner' was visibly in pain when the person pf authority told them to.

The conclusion of Milgram's experiment was

that people obey either out of fear or out of a desire to appear cooperative--even when acting against their own better judgment and desires.

Two ethical concerns of Milgram's experiment were

deception and withdrawal rights.

The three factors that influence obedience are

social proximity, legitimacy of authority figures, and group pressure.

Social proximity refers to

the closeness between two or more people.

Legitimacy of authority figures refers to

if the person is legitimate and perceived as having power.

Group pressure refers to

that a person is more likely to be obedient if there is little or no group support for resisting the authority figure.

Conformity is

the tendency to adjust one's thoughts, feelings or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular individual or group, or with accepted standards about how a person should behave in certain situations (social norms).

Asch's aim was to

investigate how pressure from a group would lead people to conform, even when they knew the rest of the group was wrong.

Asch's results were that

nearly 75% of the participants in the conformity experiments went along with the rest of the group at least one time.

Asch's conclusion was

that people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order t conform to the rest of the group.

The bystander effect is

the tendency for individuals to be less likely to help another person in need when other bystanders are present or believed to be present, as compared to when they are alone.

Diffusion of responsibility is

the belief that in a situation where help is required and others are present, one or more other people will or should take responsibility for helping.

Bullying is when

an individual or group with power repeatedly and intentionally causes hurt or harm to another person or group of power who feel helpless to respond.

The four types of bullying are

physical bullying, verbal bullying, social bullying and cyberbullying.

Physical bullying is

hitting, kicking, tripping, pinching and pushing or damaging property.

Verbal bullying includes

name calling, insults, teasing, threatening, intimidating, homophobic or racist remarks, or verbal abuse.

Social bullying is

typically hidden, out of sight or unacknowledged and is designed to hurt someone's social reputation or cause humiliation.

Cyberbullying is

carried out using digital technologies, including hardware such as computers and smartphones, and software such as social media, instant messaging, texts, websites and other online platforms.

Effects bullying has on a person is

disturbed sleep, feeling unsafe and low self esteem.

The difference between bullying in males and females is

that males are more likely to threaten with physical force while females are more likely to spread rumours.

Strategies to help deal with bullies are

asking them to stop, try other things yourself, talk to someone and keep records of the incidents.

Reasons why bullying happens is

Individual perspective, social-ecological perspective and systemic perspective.