Development and learning

Behavioral Perspective

Behaviors and interactions learned from the environment

Associative Learning

Learning when you connect event that happens before.

Habituation

People adapts to a repeated event

Classical Conditioning

Learning method where we associate two items/things

Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus where something naturally triggers a response or a reflex

Unconditioned Response

Response that happens to be automatic responding to the UCS

Conditioned Stimulus

Used to be Neutral Stimulus, now trained to respond when something happens

Conditioned Response

Learned response to the event that triggers it.

Acquisition

Initial stage where the association with an object strengthened

Extinction

Conditioned response will stop when it is o longer paired with Unconditioned Stimulus

Spontaneous Recovery

return of a conditioned response from a rest of a period.

Stimulus Discrimination

ability to distinguish from different stimuli and respond differently to each one

Stimulus Generalization

Similar response from similar items after the person is conditioned.

Higher-order conditioning

When the conditioned stimulus paired with a newer neutral stimulus

Counterconditioning

Changing a conditioned response by associating it with another item.

Taste Aversion

When a person associate a food item with bad stuff

One Trial conditioning

learning that things happens because of one pairing of two things

Biological Preparedness

people and animals are inclined to learn association with stimuli and responses

Operant conditioning

A type of learning where behaviors are made stronger and weakens because of consequences

The law of effect

Behaviors we do that has good effects are most likely repeated, while behaviors that don’t will be unlikely to be repeated

Reinforcement

Any consequences that will make a behavior repeat

Primary reinforcers

Stuff we naturally like and enjoy to do

Secondary Reinforcers

things we like because they’re connected to primary enforcers

Reinforcement discriminiation

a technique that uses positive consequences to teach people to differentiate between stimuli

Reinforcement Generalization

Responding similarly to a different, new situation

Positive Reinforcement

Getting a desirable stimulus, and that would make them do it again

Negative Reinforcement

Removing something that triggers a behavior

Punishment

any consequences that removes or decreases a behavior

Positive Punishment

Adding a bad stimulus to try to get rid of the behavior

negative punishment

Removing something you like in order to decrease the likelihood of the behavior

Shaping

gradually supporting a behavior until a desired behavior is done.

Instinctive Drift

Animals might go back to natural instincts instead of learning new behaviors

Superstitious behavior

Accidental Endorsement of something causing the wanted outcome when they’re really not

Reinforcement schedules

How many times must be endorsing to get a behavior we want

Continuous Reinforcement

Supporting a behavior every time it happens

Variable reinforcement

Supporting a behavior sometimes or rarely when it does happen

Fixed interval

Support will be given after the fixed time came.

Variable interval

Support is given after changing amount of time

Fixed ratio

Support is given after a reached amount of response

Variable ratio

Support is given after an unpredictable amount of response

Scalloped Pattern

Fixed Intervals: little to no response after a reward was given

Variable Ratio: Rapid accumulation at responses

Fixed ratio: Step pattern, break and run dynamites

Variable Interval: Steady rate, gradually increases

Learned helplessness

Belief that people who has no control over their events because tit gives the same results so they didn’t change their learning style

Social learning theory

Theory that we learn from observing and imitating other people.

Vicarious Learning

learning from other’s mistakes and consequences

Insight Learning

A sudden understanding of a solution in a problem

(light bulb moment)

latent learning

learning that happens without support until there is a reason to do.

Cognitive Map

Mental representations of a layout, making people understand their environment around them.