Comprehensive Biology Final Exam: Plant, Animal, and Human Tissues

Green algae

Oldest group in plant evolution.

Charophytes

Closest relatives to land plants.

Bryophytes

Nonvascular plants including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Seedless vascular plants

Includes ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and club mosses.

Gymnosperms

Plants with naked seeds and cones.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants with fruits that enclose seeds.

Alternation of Generations

Haploid gametophyte → gametes → fertilization → diploid sporophyte → spores.

Haplontic

Haploid stage is dominant.

Radicle

Embryonic root of a seed.

Hypocotyl

Young stem of a seed.

Epicotyl

Shoot of a seed.

Cotyledon

Seed leaf.

Double Fertilization

One sperm forms embryo, one sperm forms endosperm.

Monocots

Plants with 1 cotyledon and parallel veins.

Dicots

Plants with 2 cotyledons and net veins.

Dermal Tissue

Includes epidermis and cuticle.

Ground Tissue

Includes palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll.

Vascular Tissue

Xylem transports water/minerals upward; phloem transports sugars.

Stomata

Regulated by guard cells for gas exchange.

Mycorrhizae

Fungi that help roots absorb minerals.

Homeostasis

Maintained by negative feedback and positive feedback mechanisms.

Neuron

Dendrites receive, cell body processes, axon sends impulse.

Action Potential

Involves resting potential, depolarization, and repolarization.

Autonomic Nervous System

Includes sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) divisions.

Cornea

Bends light entering the eye.

Cochlea

Organ responsible for hearing.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that carry oxygen.

Leukocytes

White blood cells that provide immunity.

Platelets

Cell fragments involved in blood clotting.