AP BIO VOCAB Mods 40-41

study😛

Evolution (1)

unifying theory of biology explaining both diversity and unity

Biodiversity

 approximately 10 million species

Shared Traits

traits organisms have in common

How do organisms harness energy

fermentation reactions, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chains 

phylogenetic tree

The branching model for evolution

Shared features imply?

inheritance from a common ancestor that lived 3.5 billion years ago

Descent with modification - (Charles Darwin)

evolutionary changes that accumulate over time after two groups split from each other

branches tips

epresent different groups of organisms

Nodes

points where one species splits into two representing a common ancestor

Root

 base of tree represents the common ancestor of all of the groups

Visual of the ¨Tree¨

Visual of the ¨Tree¨

The Three Major Branches include?

Bacteria, Archea, and Eukaryotes

Variation

can be inherited provides the raw material on which evolution acts

Environmental variation

variation due to differences in the environment.

Genetic variation

differences in the genetic material transmitted from parents.

mutations

a change in genetic material which can arise either from random errors during DNA replication or from environmental factors such as UV radiation

Adaptations

the close fit between an organism and its environment

Evolution (2)

the change in the genetic makeup of a population from one generation to the next; change over time

Natural selection

a mechanism of evolution that leads to adaptations

Evolution by natural selection

when a variation can be passed from one gen. to next, variants best suited for growth & reproduction will contribute disproportionately to next gen.

Antibiotic resistance

in bacteria strains where resistant bacteria survive and pass the resistance to daughter cells

What did Darwin travel around the world on?

HMS Beagle

Who Wrote the ¨On the Orgin of Species” ?

Charels Darwin

Phenotypic variation

variation on apperences, results from genetic varation and environmental variation

Is phenotypic variation heritable?

phenotypic variation IS heritable, and is passed on to the next generation

Who wrote ¨An Essay on the Principles of Population¨

Thomas Robert Malthus

Human variation

apart of darwins first postulate, states that individuals of a species look different from one another

Who else was working on the theory of evlution by natural selection and had a joint paper on it with Charles Darwin?

Alfred Russel Wallace

Competitive Advantage

a function of how well an organism is adapted to its environment.

Fit

the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in the environment in which it lives; an organism that is adapted better to its environment

Fittness

measure of the ability an individual to survive and reproduce in a particular environment, COMPARED to other individuals of the same species

selective pressure

set of environmental conditions, both biotic and abiotic that allows some organisms to survive and reproduce better than others.

Biotic

biological factors such as other organisms

Abiotic

physical factors such as air,soil, and water

Convergent Evolution

process by which two different species evolve similar traits in response to similar selective pressures

Stabilizing Selection

maintains the status quo and acts against extremes phenotypes and favors intermediate phenotypes

Directional Selection

leads to a change in a trait in a population over time

Disruptive Selection

operates in favor of extremes and against intermediate phenotypes

Artifical Selection

the process by which humans select traits

Artifical Selection led to what bird breeds in Piegons?

Pygmy Pouter, Old Dutch, and Blue Grizzles

Sexual Selection

a form of selection that promotes traits that increase an individuals ability to find and attract mates

Intrasexual Selection (intrA =within)

when sexual selection focuses on interactions between individuals of one sex Ex. competition of two male Elk battling,

Intersexual Selection (intEr = between)

interactions between males and females