Human Bio Final

cell

smallest unit of living things

tissue

groups of similar cells that have a common function

organ

allows for complex function

organ system

discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types and performs a specific function

nervous

communication by transmitting electrical impulses

muscular

provides movement

connective

supports and protects the body

epithelial tissue

covers body surfaces and lines its cavities

superior

towards the head end or upper part of a structure

inferior

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure

anterior

toward or at the front of the body (in front of)

posterior

toward or at the back of the body (behind)

proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or at the point of attachment of a limb to the body

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment to the trunk

superficial

toward or at the body surface

deep

away from the body surface, more internal

metabolism

all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

catabolism

breaking down substances into simpler building blocks

anabolism

synthesizing complex substances from simpler blocks

homeostasis

ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions

negative feedback

output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity

positive feedback

initial responses enhance the original stimulus so that further responses are even greater

carbon

can bond to 4 other atoms in order to make many different molecules

components of a nucleotide

nitrogen containing base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

primary level of protein

linear sequence of amino acids

secondary

coiling of the chain with hydrogen bonds between the Nl + and CO groups

tertiary

produce a more compact globular molecule with R groups involved in bonding

quaternary

two or more polypeptide chains combine to from a complex protein

hydrophobic

water fearing, nonpolar

hydrophilic

water loving, polar head

peptide bond

bond between two amino acids by dehydration reaction

substrate of an enzyme

substrate bind to the enzyme active site, temporarily forming a substrate

active site of an enzyme

part of enzyme that fit and interact chemically with other molecules

enzyme

globular proteins that act as biological catalysts to regulate and speed up rate of chemical reactions

characteristics of DNA

double strand, coiled into double helix, AGCT

characteristics of RNA

single strand, carries genetic instructions to make proteins, ACGU

integral protein

span the entire membrane and have polar and nonpolar regions

peripheral protein

attach to integral proteins or to the top of the hydrophobic region of membrane

glycolipids

lipids with a sugar attached to the surface

glycoproteins

proteins with a sugar attached to the surface

passive transport

diffusion of molecules down the concentration gradient without using energy

active transport

use of energy to move solutes across the membrane using transport proteins against the concentration gradient

exocytosis

moves substances out of cell

endocytosis

moves substances into the cell

phagocytosis

(cell eating) cell engulf large or solid material and plasma membrane infolds around the solid

pinocytosis

infolding of the plasma membrane surrounds a small amount of fluid containing dissolved molecules

osmosis

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

facilitated diffusion

substances diffuse through the lipid bilayer by binding to a carrier protein or through a channel protein

plasma membrane

integral glycoproteins that serve as binding sites

nucleus

gene-containing control center of the cell, contains instructions to make all the body’s proteins and dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be made

cytoplasm

cellular material between the plasma membrane and nucleus is the site of most cellular activities

mitochondria

produce ATP

ribosome

produce proteins

flagella

propels the cell

cilia

motile cellular extensions

epithelial tissue

covers

muscular tissue

moves

connective tissue

supports

nervous tissue

controls

pleurae

thoracic wall and covers the lungs

pericardium

encloses the heart

peritoneum

abdominopelvic viscera

voluntary

movement under conscious control (skeletal)

involuntary

movement not consciously controlled

connective tissue

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

papillary

thin, superficial layer with fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers, loosely woven mat with small blood vessels

reticular

deeper, coarse, dense, irregular connective tissue

stratum basale

deepest layer, single row of stem cells, produce new cells

stratum spinosum

several cells thick, make up thick bundles, resist tension in the cell

stratum granulosum

one to five cell layers, keratinization begins, make cells strong and water tight

stratum lucidum

only in thick skin, think translucent layer, dead keratinocytes

stratum corneum

outermost dead layer of 20-30 cell layers, protect skin against abrasion and penetration and shed regularly

keratinocytes

produces keratin to form the protective properties and dead cells by the time they reach the surface

melanocytes

make the pigment melanin that forms a shield that protects the nucleus from UV radiation in sunlight

dendritic cells

come from bone marrow and ingest foreign substance and activate the immune system

tactile epithelial cells

sensory receptor for touch

eccrine gland

simple, coiled, tubular gland

apocrine gland

lie deeper in dermis, and ducts empty into hair follicles

sebaceous glands

found all over the body except feet and palms

nail

clear protective covering on finger or toe

nail matrix

thickening proximal portion of nail bed, allows for nail growth

lunule

white crescent that lies over the thick nail matrix

cuticle

proximal nail fold that projects onto nail body

root

part embedded in the skin

shaft

part that projects above the skin

cortex

bulky layer surrounding the medulla with several layers of flattened cells

hair follicle

structure that folds down the epidermal surface into the dermis

hair bulb

deep end of the follicle

cuticle

outermost single layer of cells overlapping like shingles on a roof, most heavily keratinized to provide strength

long bones

longer than they are wide (all limb bones except kneecap, wrist, ankle bones)

short bones

cube shaped (wrist and ankle bones)

flat bones

thin, flattened, bit curved

irregular bones

complicated shapes

functions of the skeletal system

support, protection, anchorage, mineral storage, blood cell formation, fat storage, hormone production

parts of axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

osteoprogenitor cell

stem cells that are actively dividing, flattened or squamous

osteoblasts

bone forming cells that secrete the bone matrix

osteocytes

mature bone cells that occupy spaces

bone lining cells

flat cells on bone surfaces, helps maintain matrix

osteoclasts

actively resorb bone