HDE 110 FINAL EXAM

Differential susceptibility

idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to experiences. Some are genetic which can make people better/worse by life events. Dandelions (grow anywhere), orchids (ideal conditions)

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological-systems approach

each person is affected by their surroundings and interactions. 3 nested levels = micro (immediate circle), meso (interactions of systems), exo (institutions nearby like schools), and macro (policies, cultural values, larger contexts).

plasticity

abilities, personality, and characteristics can change over time. high in childhood but still present in adults. molded and durable

dynamic systems approach

human development is on-going, ever-changing interaction between individual systems

difference-equals-deficit error

mistaken belief that anything abnormal is inferior (stereotypes).

features of research designs

longitudinal (long-term), cross sectional (between ppl), survey, experimental, quasi, observations

limits to research models

limited control, Hawthorne effect (being watched changes how u act), bias, not determine temporal order.

Piagets theory of cognitive development

children actively construct their understanding of the world through 4 predictable stages. Sensorimotor (0-2), pre-operational (2-6; use symbols and words but no logic; egocentric), concrete operational (6-12; can think logically, add/subtract, convo), formal operational (12+; reason abstractly + think hypothetically) QUALITATIVE!

vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

learning + development is shaped by interactions among members of a culture. language shapes thinking. guided participation (scaffolding)

Bandura’s social learning theory

learning by observing & imitating & modeling. observe, recall, reproduce, implement

evolutionary theory

current human emotions+ impulses are genetic that have been passed down.

freud’s psychoanalytic theory

origins of adult personality that comes from earlier experiences, that are often unconscious. internal influences determine personality + behavior. Id = subconscious (wishes, desires, needs), Ego = conscious things, Superego = moralistic/socialized mind. developmental stages are by sexual interests + bodily pleasure.

erikson psychosocial theory

social interactions shape development across lifespan. family + culture. recognized that development is lifelong.

self-determination theory

theory of what drives human motivation. autonomy, competence, relatedness

types of executive functions

executive functions is the ability to organize and prioritize thought from parts of the brain. they are: cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, working memory.

standardized tests

aptitude tests (master knowledge; SAT, GRE), achievement test (acquired knowledge taught, ACT), intelligence test (“G”; mental age of intelligence)

Multifinality

one path leads to many outcomes (same starting condition/even results in different end)

Equifinality

multiple paths lead to one outcome (different starting conditions/events result in same end state)

Symptoms of ADHD

inattentiveness, impulsive, and hyperactive that interferes with daily life.

Symptoms of autism

Difficulties with social communication & interactions. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia

dyslexia = difficulty with reading and processing written words; dyscalculia = difficulty with math; dysgraphia = difficulty in writing

what is a schema?

mental framework that organizes and interprets info

what is assimilation?

fitting new info into existing schema

what is accommodation?

changing an existing schema to fit new info

what is cognitive equilibrium?

a balance between assimilation and accommodation

horizontal decalage?

the idea that certain cognitive abilities develop in a sequence over time within a stage

what is classification? and seriation

grouping objects based on shared characteristics. arranging objects in a logical order.

what happens to language during middle childhood?

vocab and grammar becomes more advanced (6+) and literacy becomes fluent (9-10)

Basic steps of information processing

perceive/sense → seek relevant info → analyze → output

what happens to the brain during middle childhood

brain connections become more specialized and efficient through myelination, synaptic development, and automization

what is automization?

a process become automatic through practice, requiring less conscious effort

what is metamemory?

knowledge about your own memory and how it works

what is metacognition?

thinking and evaluating your own thinking/cognitive processes

what are executive/control processes

processes used to organize, prioritize, monitor, and direct thinking and behavior. they improve with brain maturation, age, and experience.

what does Ziegler’s research say about math development?

math knowledge develops gradually through accumulating strategies and experience

what affects children’s learning besides cognitive ability?

experience, opportunity, motivation, personal/emotional connection to info

What is PISA

international assessment comparing 15 year olds abilities in reading, math, and science. reading is good in the U.S. but math performance has declined.

What is erikson’s stage during middle childhood?

industry (developing competence, productivity, mastery) vs. inferiority (feeling inadequate/incapable compared to others)

self-concept

understanding who you are like abilities, personality, appearance, morality, and skills. 3 components (self-image, ideal self, self-esteem)

what is self-esteem?

how positively/negativity someone evaluates themselves. it increases with age but dips around 7-8 and 10-12

what is social comparison?

evaluating yourself by comparing yourself to others. it is important in MC because school makes children’s successes and failures more visible to peers.

what happens to children’s self-concept during MC?

it becomes more complex, realistic, internal, and psychological.

what parenting style promotes self-esteem and learning?

authoritative parenting

family stress model

economic hardship → parent stress/hostility → family conflict → negative outcomes for children

preconventional moral reasoning

children interested in their own pleasure or avoiding punishment (pre operational thought)

conventional moral reasoning

emphasizes social rules (concrete operational thought)

postconventional moral reasoning

emphasizes moral principles (formal operational thought)

3 major hormonal systems involved in puberty

HPA axis, HPG axis, growth axis

what does the HPA axis control?

adrenal hormones → androgens, epinephrine, cortisol

adrenarche

beginning of adrenal androgen production starting from 5-9. it causes body hair, changes in body shape, and secondary sexual characteristics

gonadarche

activation of the reproductive systems through the HPG axis. GnRH → LH/FSH → gonads (hormones that trigger it)

what happens to testes and ovaries during gonadarche

production of sperm and testosterone (spermarche) and production of ova and estradiol (menarche)

sequence of adolescence growth

weight → height → muscle

what happens to the brain during adolescence?

great matter decreases and white matter increases

limic system

emotion, fear, reward, emotional impulses

hippocampus

memory more episodic

what is the prefrontal cortex responsible for

executive functioning, planning, decision making, self-regulation.

dopaminergic reward pathway

brain system involved in reward and motivation that becomes sensitive/higher during adolescence

nucleus accumbens

brain region involved in processing reward

what is adolescent egocentrism

increased self-consciousness and difficulty distinguishing ones own perspective from others

3 concepts associated with adolescent egocentrism

imaginary audience, personal fable, invincibility fable

formal operational thought

abstract, systematic, logical, and hypothetical thinking. a limit to this is that adolescence may be less likely to use it in new or unfamiliar situations.

inductive reasoning

bottom-up reasoning. 1 specific fact to general

deductive reasoning

top-down reasoning. general statement to find specific facts

hot cognition

thinking influenced by emotion, reward, or arousal

cool cognition

more controlled and deliberate thinking

incremental theory

intelligence/ability can grow and develop

intrinsic motivation

motivation based on interest, competence, and mastery

extrinsic motivation

motivation based on external rewards like grades or graduation

expectancy-value theory

motivation depends on expectations for success + value of the task

stage-environment fit theory

development is affected by how well the environment matches adolescents developmental needs. if it doesn’t fit their needs they have lower interest, engagement, motivation, more bullying, and deviant influences.

major predictor of dropping out

chronic absenteeism

consequences of dropping out

poor social, economic, and health problems

Marcia’s 4 identity statuses

identity achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion/conclusion. these are states than can change over time, not permanent!

2 dimensions of the identity statuses

exploration and commitment

identity achievement

high exploration and high commitment. explored options and made commitment

moratorium

high exploration and low commitment. actively exploring without committing.

foreclosure

low exploration and high commitment. commitment made without exploring alternatives

identity diffusion/confusion

low exploration + low commitment.

what are the dimensions of seller’s multidimensional model of racial identity?

salience, centrality, regard, and ideology

racial identity salience

how relevant race is to a person in a situation

salience centrality

how important race is to a persons overall sense of self

what is racial regard

how positively or negatively someone view their racial group

4 racial ideologies in sellers model

assimilation, humanist, oppressed minority, nationalist

gender socialization

learning gender norms, roles, and stereotypes through social experiences

peer facilitation

peers reinforce or strengthen each others behavior

gender pattern seen in suicide

girls attempt more but boys complete suicide more often

typical developmental pattern of substance use

increases from adolescence into 10-25, then declines after adult milestones

progression for substance use disorder

experimentation → misuse/abuse → substance use disorder

what is emerging adulthood

period from 18-25 that involves identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and possibilities

what did Arnett argue about emerging adulthood

it is not universal is the same form, it varies across cultures and socioeconomic contexts

eriksons 6th stage

intimacy (close, committed relationships) vs. isolation

eriksons 7th stage

generatively (next generation) vs. stagnation

post formal thought

logical, flexible, adaptive thinking that combines to intuition and analysis

dialectical thinking

thesis → antithesis → synthesis

social convoy theory

social networks change as we get older. quality over quantity as we get older.