Ch. 4 Radiochemistry/ Radiopharacy

chemical impurities

the nonradioactive substances present in an radiopharmaceutical preparation that either affect labeling or directly cause adverse biological effects.

cyclotron

device for accelerating charged particles to high energies using magnetic and oscillating electrostatic fields, causing the particle to move in a psiral path with increasing energy

generator

device using a parent radionuclide to obtain its product, the daughter radionuclide, usually by addition of a solution that interacts only with the daughter

internal conversion

pertechnetate

any chemical compound obtaining the TcO4 group

pyrogens

fever-inducing substance

radiochemical purity

the proportion of the stated radionuclide that is present in the stated chemical form

radio nuclidic purity

radiopharmaceutical

radioactive drug used for therapy or diagnosis

secular equilibrium

parent-daughter radioisotope pair in which the parent has a much longer half-life than does the daughter radionuclide

specific activity

unit pertaining to the disintegrations per gram of a radioisotope

transient equilibrium

equilibrium reached by a parent-daughter radioisotope pair when the half-life of the parent is longer than that of the daughter

iodine-131 (I-131)

used for thyroid cancer treatment

technetium-99m (Tc-99m)

one of the most widely used isotopes in nuclear medicine for imaging

xenon-133 (Xe-133)

used in lung ventilation studies

uranium-235 (U-235)

has a half life of 703.8 million years and is used primarily in nuclear reactors and weapons due to its fissile properties

uranium-238 (U-238)

has a half life of 4.468 billion years is not a fissile, but it can be used to produce plutonium-239 in reactors. It is also the most abundant isotope of uranium found in nature

dry generator

a specific amount of saline in a vials placed in the generation entry port and drawn across by vacuum

wet generator

has a saline reservoir and a vacuum vail that draws saline across the column

81Rb-81mKr Generator

produces drypton-81m with a 13-second half life which is used for lung ventilation imaging and no longer available in the US

99Mo-99mTc Generator

column based generator system and produces technetium-99m with a 6 hour half-life

82Sr-82Rb Generator

produces positron emitting isotope rubidum-82 a positron-emitting radionuclide with a 75-second half-life and primarily used for myocardial perfusion imaging

68Ge-68Ga Generator

produces positron emitting isotope gallium-68 a positron-emitting radionuclide with a 68-minute half-life and is used for radiolabeling various radiopharmaceutical used in theranostic pairings

62Zn-62Cu Generator

produces copper-62, a positron emitting radionuclide with a 9.7 minute half-life and is not currently approved by the FDA

diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals

 Gallium-67 agents
 Indium-111 agents
 Iodine-123 agents
 Iodine-131agents
 Technetium-99m agents
 Thallium-201 agents
 Xe-133 agents

non-imaging radiopharmaceuticals

 Carbon-14 agents
 Fluorine-18 agents
 Nitrogen-13 agents
 Gallium-68 agents
 Rubidium-82 agents

therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals

 Iodine-131agents
 Lutetium-177 agents
 Radium-223 agents
 Samarium-153 agents
 Strontium-89 agents
 Yittrium-90 agents

PET pharmaceuticals

 Carbon-11agents
 Lutetium-177 agents
 Radium-223 agents
 Samarium-153 agents
 Strontium-89 agents
 Yittrium-90 agents