Organization of CNS

A bend of about 80º in long axis of spinal cord and brainstem is called what?

cephalic flexure

Pons is for?

Regulation of breathing

Midbrain is for what?

eye, visual and auditory acuity

What connets the two hemispheres of the brain?

corpus collosum

Weight of brain is around 400g at birth and does what as we grow?

increase in weight to 1500

What does the weight of the brain do as we age to 50 and beyond?

decrease in weight to 50

Which area is damaged if expressive aphasia is present?

Broca’s area

Which area is in the location of the inferior frontal gyrus?

broca’s

Which area is in the location of the superior temporal gyrus?

wernicke’s

What are main sulci of each cerebral hemisphere?

central, lateral, parietooccipital sulci and preoccipital notch

Structure’s with “thalamus”, 3rd ventricle are contained within what division of brain?

diencephalon

What structure makes up 80% of diencephalon and forms superolateral walls of 3rd ventricle?

thalamus

Which of the following is not relayed by thalamus?

olfactory

The bilateral nuclei of the thalamus is connected by what?

interthalmic adhesion

Medial dorsal nucleus is responsible for what?

function, emotion, reasoning

Lateral posterior and lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus is responsible for what?

connecting parietal association of cortex and limbic structures

Anterior nucleus of thalamus is responsible for what?

memory and emotion

Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus is responsible for what?

motor relay

ventral postero-lateral nucleus is responsible for what?

somatosensory: touch, pain, proprioreception

Lateral geniculate body of thalamus is responsible for what?

visual information

Medial geniculate body of thalamus is responsible for what?

auditory information

What is the largest nucleus of the thalamus?

pulvinar- connects w/visual, parietal and temporal association

Which of the following has major sensory and motor relay to the cortex?

thalamus

Which of the following is the master homeostatic center for things such asANS, endocrine, temperature, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythm?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following contains the pineal gland responsible melatonin and sleep-wake regulation?

epithalamus

What is the subthalamus responsible for?

motor regulation

Lesion to subthalamus will result in what?

hemiballismus (sudden movement on same side of body)

Hypothalamus relays information from where to where?

Hippocampus to thalamus

Anterior/posterior commissure of hypothalamus deals with?

thermoregulation

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus deals with?

circadian rhythym

supraoptic nucleus deals with what?

autonomic and hormone release

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus and ventromedial nucleus deal with what?

food and hunger signaling

Which controls the autonomic nervous system and initiates physical response to fear?

hypothalamus

Failure to thrive is an implication of which of the following having a disorder?

hypothalamus

Which of the following forms the roof of the third ventricle and contains pineal gland?

epithalamus

What is the back of the midbrain referred to as?

tectum

Which of following makes the anterior floor of midbrain?

tegmentum

Superior colliculus of midbrain is responsible for what?

vision

Inferior colliculus is responsible for what?

auditory

Superior and inferior colliculi are part of the midbrain and are referred to as what?

corpora quadrigemina

Electrical stimulation of periaqueductal gray has been shown to cause release of what?

seratonin, norepinephrine, and glycine to spinal cord

Pons is the origin of what CNs?

5-8

Where does the medulla o. blend into the spinal cord?

foramen magnum

What do the olives of the medulla oblongata relay?

stretch information from muscles and joints

Where do the olives of the medulla oblongata relay information to?

cerebellum

What is the point where pyramidal tracts cross over to the opposite side of the body?

decussation of the pyramids of the medulla

Which CNs arise from medulla oblongata?

9-12

Vestibular and cochlear nuclei do what?

maintain equilibrium

Nucleus cuneatus relay what?

ascending sensory information from upper half of body from spinal cord

Nucleus gracilis of medulla relays what?

ascending sensory information from lower half of body from spinal cord

Anterior, posterior lobe and flocculonodular lobe make up what?

cerebellum

Basal nuclei do what?

refine movement and control

Which are the fibers that convey information into the CNS from the periphery?

primary afferents

Fibers that convey message to skeletal muscles directing them to contract?

lower motor neurons

1st step/1st order neurons occurs where?

same side of spinal cord

Which of the following is the ability to discriminate joint position and awareness of movement?

Kinesthesia

Which of the following tells you joint position sense and awareness of joints at rest?

proprioception

Which spinal nerves and cranial nerves exhibit contralateral innervation?

ALL besides taste and olfaction

Are thalamocortical fiberes crossed or uncrossed?

Uncrossed

How long is the shortest path to the cerebral cortex?

3 neurons

Which neuron does sensory information cross the midline?

2nd neuron that crosses spinal cord

Do pain and temperature somatosensory pathways cross at same level as touch?

They do not pass at same level

How does one sided damage affect pain and touch?

ipsilateral side: UMN weakness, loss of position and vibration

Contralateral side: loss pain and temperature

Where does the cerebellum receive information from?

ipsilateral side; does not cross

What occurs if damage to cerebellum or basal nucleus is present?

slow or uncoordinated movement

If cerebellum or basal nuclei damage occurs, is weakness in movement prominent?

Not prominent; leaves LMN intact

What occurs if cerebellum is damaged?

intention tremors on same side

What occurs if basal nuclei is damaged?

affects opposite side movement

Does cerebellum directly affect motor areas?

indirect action by affecting motor areas of cerebral cortex