Animal Science 505 Test 1

Herbivore

Animal that primarily eats plants; can digest cellulose

Carnivore

Animal that primarily eats flesh

Omnivore

Animal that eats flesh and plants

Mastication

crushing the food increases the surface area and allows enzymes to act on the food more effectively

regurgitation

The act of bringing a bolus of food from the stomach for further mastication. Chewing well allows for better enzymatic breakdown.

peristalsis

Wavelike contractions in tubular structures such as the esophagus and intestines

Bloat

metabolic disorder in ruminants in which gas accumulates in the digestive system, also called ruminal tympany.

Relief of Gaseous bloat

walk the animal, pass tube down esophagus, pierce with trocar and cannula as last resort.

Relief of frothy or gas bubble bloat

must be burst like a balloon or you can use vegetable oils to relieve it

Gastro-intestinal tract

How food passes from mouth to anus

Pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin

Gastric enzymes that breaks down proteins

Chyme

partially digested food moving from stomach to small intestine

A-D-F, Acid Detergent Fiber

portion of feed that contains cellulose, lignin, and silica

lignin

indigestible by all animals and not considered a true carbohydrate

coprophagy

eating of feces in order to receive B complex vitamins produced in cecum.

water

cheapest and most abundant nutrient

nutrient

any feed constituent of the same general chemical composition that aids in support of animal life

photosynthesis

carbon dioxide + water + solar energy = glucose and oxygen (6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2)

Energy in feed

comes from carbohydrates and fats

calorie

unit of heat energy needed to heat 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius.

T-D-N, Total Digestible Nutrients

Digestible protein + digestible fiber + digestible NFE + digestible fat x 2.25

G-E, gross energy

total combustible energy in a feedstuff

D-E, Digestible energy

Gross energy minus Fecal energy

M-E, Metabolizable Energy

Gross Energy minus Fecal energy minus urine energy minus gas energy

N-E, Net Energy

Gross Energy minus Fecal energy minus urine energy minus gas energy minus heat increment

D-I-P, degraded intake protein

amount of protein broken down in the rumen

B-C-P, Bacterial Crude protein

Microorganisms create protein from NPN and CHO

I-P, Intake Protein

Total ingested protein

U-I-P, Undegraded Intake Protein

35-40% total feed to animal is passed through rumen undegraded

A-P, absorbed protein

BCP+DIP+UIP

Hunger

physiological desire for food after a period of fasting

Appetite

Learned response to the presence of feed

Function of rumination

Creates more surface area and enzymatic breakdown.

Rennin

Enzyme that curdles milk and can be used to make cheese. Found in Abomasum of ruminant animals.

Function of the crop

temporary storage of food with enzymes that allow for softening and some pre digestion

Esophageal groove

Bypasses first 2 compartments (rumen, reticulum) of the stomach in order to prevent curdling of milk

Function of liver

creates Bile which emulsifies fats

fat splitting enzyme

Lipase

Enzyme that breaks starches into maltose

Amylase

Enzyme that breaks down milk sugar

Lactase

Enzyme that breaks down table sugar

Sucrase

Sucrose is made up of _____

Glucose and Fructose

Lactose is made up of ______

Glucose and galactose

Maltose is made up of _______

2 glucose molecules

Rumen

very muscular and lined with finger like papillae that increase the absorptive area of rumen. Ingested feed is mixed and broken down by microorganisms in the rumen

Reticulum

Hardware stomach or honeycomb, second compartment of ruminant stomach that lodges foreign objects that ruminants swallow

Omasum

Bible stomach or manyplies, grinds up feed ingested into smaller particles and removes some of the water from the feed

Abomasum

True or glandular stomach of ruminant animals. it breaks down food before going in to the small intestine.

2 main gases produced in rumen

Methane CH4 and carbon dioxide CO2

Digestion

process of breaking down feed into particles small enough to be absorbed

Proventriculus

true or glandular stomach of birds

gizzard

mechanical and pure muscle that contains stones to crush the feed. Considered the "teeth" of birds.

ceca in birds

Seem to have no function

Digestive flow pattern in birds

Mouth, - esophagus (gullet)- crop, - proventriculus, - ventriculus (gizzard), - small intestines, - large intestines with 2 non functional ceca, - cloaca, - vent

Normal pH of stomach in people

2

Normal pH of small intestine in people

6.8

Volatile Fatty Acids

Acetic acid,

Butyric acid,

Propionic acid,

Electrolytes responsible for acid base balance

Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chlorine (Cl)

10 essential Amino Acids

Private Tim Hall,

Phenylalanine,

valine,

Threonine,

Tryptophan,

isoleucine,

methionine,

histidine,

arginine,

leucine,

Lysine

Cats require this additional Amino Acid

Taurine

Minerals needed for skeletal formation and maintenance

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, manganese

Minerals needed for protein synthesis

Phosphorus, sulfur, zinc

DNA

blueprint for protein synthesis

Needed for oxygen transport

Copper and Iron

7 Macro element minerals

Calcium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Sodium, potassium, Chlorine, Magnesium (Ca,P,S,Mg,Na,Cl,K)

11 trace minerals

Iron, copper, selenium, molybdenum, cobalt, silicon, fluorine, Iodine, Chromium, manganese, zinc (Fe, Cu, Se, Mo, Co, Si, F, I, Cr, Mn, Zn)

Scurvy is caused by...

a Deficiency of Vitamin C

Parakeratosis is caused by...

deficiency of zinc in swine

Exudative diathesis is caused by...

-deficiency of Selenium

drinking of the urine is caused by...

deficiency of sodium

Slipped tendon or perosis is caused by...

deficiency of Manganese, biotin, or choline

curled toe paralysis or degeneration of the myelin sheath is caused by

deficiency of riboflavin B2

Pica, eating of dirt, is caused by

deficiency of potassium

wasting disease is caused by

deficiency of cobalt

Goiter is caused by...

deficiency of iodine

Night blindness is caused by

deficiency of vitamin A

New born pigs need IM injections for 2-3 days

iron

anemia is caused by

deficiency of iron

Mulberry Heart Disease is caused by

Deficiency of vitamin E

big head disease is caused by

Excess Iodine or deficiency of calcium

Urinary calculi is caused by

Excess Silicon

blind staggers or alkali disease is caused by...

excess selenium

Urea

Small amounts are OK for ruminant animals. Toxic to humans, horses, and pigs.

De-amination

removal of NH2 by hydrolysis

Cellulose

Polysaccharide that is indigestible by simple stomach animals

BV

Biologic Value, measures absorbability of protein.

Egg whites have highest BV of all proteins.

Duodenum

Where most digestion takes place

Jejunum

Mix of digestion and absorption

Ileum

Where most nutrients are absorbed

Cloaca

Store feces, urine, then comes together and comes out. This is where the egg is stored in a chicken.

Vent

anus in avian animals

Used to treat Hypercholesterolemia

Niacin B3

Pellagra is caused by...

Deficiency of Niacin b3

Sometimes given to High producing dairy cows to increase milk production

Niacin B3

Beriberi and polyneuritis are caused by...

-A deficiency of thiamin B1

-In horses deficiency can be caused by consumption of Bracken Fern.

Half of the mineral content of the body

Calcium

One quarter of the mineral content of the body

Phosphorus

Second most abundant element in earths crust after oxygen

Silicon

Component of Insulin

Zinc

Present in the hormone Thyroxin

Iodine