immune system

lymphatic system returns fluid leaked from blood vessels back to

blood

what are the lymphatic organs

spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues

3 parts of lymphatic system

lymphatic vessel, lymph and lymph nodes

lymphatic system contains

network vessels that assist in circulating fluids

functions of lymphatic system

return interstitial fluid and leaked plasma protein back to bloodstream; absorb lipids from digestive system, and transports them to the bloodstream; defends body against disease

lymphatic pathways

lymphatic capillaries-lymphatic vessels- lymph nodes- larger lymphatic vessels- lymphatic trunks- lymphatic collecting ducts- subclavian veins in thorax

lymphatic capillaries

networks parallel blood capillaries throughout the body

lymphatic vessels circulates

3L of interstitial fluid per day

lymphatic vessels

one way system

lymphatic vessels include

lymphatic capillaries and larger lymphatic vessel

lymph capillaries drain into

collecting lymphatic vessels

larger lymphatic vessels consist of

collecting vessels, trunks, and ducts

lymphatic trunks

formed by union of largest collecting vessels that drain large areas of body

how are lymphatic trunks named

for regions of body they drain

how many lymphatic ducts are there in the body

2

what are the names of the lymphatic ducts in the body

right lymphatic and thoracic duct

right lymphatic duct drains

right upper arm and right side of head and thorax

thoracic duct

drains rest of body

lymph

tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary

what does lymph formation depend on

tissue fluid formation

tissue fluid formation

capillary blood pressure filters water and small molecules from the plasma

how is tissue fluid different from plasma

tissue fluid doesn’t contain large plasma protein

how is lymph formed

increased tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure forces fluid into lymphatic capillaries

lymph inside lymphatic vessels has ___ hydrostatic pressure

low

how does muscle activity influence movement of lymph

through lymphatic vessel

contraction of skeletal muscle

compresses lymphatic vessels which moves lymph

respiratory process

sends lymph from abdomen to thorax

smooth muscle in larger lymphatic vessels

contracts to aid in flow of lymph

valves in lymphatic vessels prevent

backflow

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

unencapsulated lymphatic tissue of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tract

major MALT organs

tonsils, appendix, and peyer patches

lymph nodes

filter pathogens from lymph

what cells do lymph nodes hav to destroy foreign substances

lymphocytes and macrophages

major location of lymph nodes

cervical, axillary, supratrochlear, inguinal, pelvic, abdominal, thoracic

thymus

provides immunity from t cells

thymosins

hormones produced in thymus that stimulate t cell maturation

is the thymus large in infancy of adulthood

infancy

what is the largest lymphatic organ

spleen

what are the 2 tissue types in the spleen

white and red pulp

white pulp

lymphocytes

red pulp

red blood cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages

what does the spleen do

filters blood, break down worn-out red blood cells

lymphatic system defends body against

infection by pathogens

immunity

ability of body to prevent pathogen entry and/or destroy any pathogens that enter the body

what are the immune mechanisms

innate and adaptive

innate defenses are

general and protect against many types of pathogens

adaptive defenses

more specific and precise; target specific antigens

what is the first line of defense

mechanical barriers

mechanical barriers

prevent entrance of pathogens

second line of defense

inflammation, chemical barriers, natural killer cell,phagocytosis, neutrophils and monocytes, feveer

inflammation

process that walls off infection site and inhibits spread of infection

chemical barriers

prevent chemicals from coming in

natural killer cells

small population of lymphocytes that lyse’s the cell membrane of viruses and cancer cells

phagocytosis

removes foreign particles from the lymph

neutrophil and monocytes

chemical from damaged tissue attracts phagocytic cells to the injury

feveer

viral/bacterial infection stimulates lymphocytes to proliferate and secrete interleukin-4 that raises thermoregulatory set point and increases phagocytic activity

what is the 3rd line of defense

adaptive

what are the 2 types of adaptive defenses

humoral immune and cellular immune response

cellular immune response

performed by immune cells (t-cells)

humoral immune response

performed by antibodies (b-cells)

antigen

receptor on the surface of lymphocytes

what do antigens do

enable lymphocytes to recognize non-self antigens

what type of antigens does the lymphatic system respond to

non-self antigens

what is the most effective antigen

large and complex molecules

where do t cells come from

thymus

where do b cells come from

red bone marrow

how much do t cells make up of lymphocytes

70-80%

how much do b-cells make up of lymphocytes

20-30%

does a lymphocyte need to be activated before it can respond to an antigen

yes

how is t cell activation required

by antigenic fragments attaching to an antigen presenting cell

what does the antigen presenting cell do to the antigen

phagocytizes it and displays its fragment bound to MHC proteins

what does the t cell release when activated

cytokines

what are the types of specialized t cell

helper, cytotoxic, and memory

helper t cell

activates other cells and stimulates b cells to produce antibodies

cytotoxic t cells

attack virally infected or cancerous cells

memory t cells

provide future immune protection

how is a b-cell activted

when antigen fits in the shape of their receptor and binds to them

a b cell can be activated by

cytkines

what does a b cell do when cytokines are present

proliferate

what 2 types of cells can b-cells become

plasma and memory

antibodies are

globular proteins

types of antibodies

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

what percentage does IgG make up of antibodies

80%

what percentage does IgA make up of antibodies

13%

what percentage does IgM make up of antibodies

6%

what percentage does IgD make up of antibodies

what percentage does IgE make up of antibodies

IgG

act on bacteria, viruses, toxins

IgA

found in exocrine gland secretion

IgM

act on antigens in foods and baccteria

IgD

found on b cell surfaces

IgE

found in exocrine gland secretions

how do antibodies respond to antigens

agglutination, precipitation, neutralization

agglutination

clumping of antigens make phagocytosis easier

precipitarion

makes antigens insoluble making phagocytosis easier

neutralization

covers toxic portions of antigens which makes them harmless

activation of complement

more effective against antigens than direct attack

immunotherapy

use of immune components to fight disease

monoclonal antibodies

specific b cell that produces a single type of antibody

primary immune response

first encounter with antigen, is less effective and takes 5-10 days to produce antibody