Conditioning

Learning

permanent change in behavior due to experience

Associative learning

learning that two events occur together

Acquisition

initial stage of learning during which a response is established and gradually strengthened

Extinction

diminishing of a conditioned response

Spontaneous recovery

reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period

Discrimination

the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimulus that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Higher order conditioning

when a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Aversion conditioning

condition a negative response

Taste aversion

learned avoidance of a particular food

John Watson's little Albert

Scientist would hit a hammer to make a loud sound every time the baby tried to reach for the white rat; the baby became scared of all furry animals

Fear reduction: systematic desensitization

taught relaxation and gradually exposed to fear stimulus

Fear reduction: flooding

reducing fear by being exposed to harmless stimulus until fear response extinguishes

Operant conditioning

behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

Law of effect

behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Instrumental learning

consequences are instrumental in shaping future behaviors

Operant behavior

complex or voluntary behaviors

Respondent behavior

occurs as an automatic response to stimulus

Fixed ratio

reinforce a response only after a specified number of response; piecework pay

Variable ratio

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of response; gambling

Fixed interval

reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed; paycheck

Variable interval

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals; pop quiz

Biological predisposition

easier to teach something an animal is able to do

Instinctive drift

what an animal is predisposed to do

Shaping

conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide behavior toward closer approximation of a desired goal

Chaining

perform number of responses successfully get rewarded

Reinforcement

anything that strengthens behavior can be positive or negative

Positive reinforcement

add something pleasant to increase behavior

Negative reinforcement

remove something unpleasant to increase behavior

Punishment

aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Positive punishment

add unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior

Negative punishment

remove a stimulus to decrease behavior

Learned helplessness

believe that they have no control over the situation even when there's an opportunity to escape

Primary reinforcer

innately reinforcing stimulus that satisfies biological need

Secondary reinforcer

conditioned reinforcer; learned through association with primary reinforcers; money

Delayed

maturity, delayed gratification

Continuous

leads to rapid learning, every time you do something you get a reward

Partial reinforcers

sometimes reinforced, sometimes not

Cognitive map

mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Abstract learning

understand concepts, not just stimulus reward connections

Insight learning

sudden realization can help solve problem

Social learning theory

emphasizes the importance of observing imitating and modeling behaviors as well as the role of cognitive processes in learning from others within social contexts

Modeling

process of observing and imitating behaviors

Pro social behavior

positive constructive helpful behavior, can lead to rise of copycats

Bobo doll experiment

kids will mimic aggression