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Mercantilism
Practice where the mother country takes resources and raw materials from their colonies; win-win for the mother country and loss-loss for the colonies; idea that if you take more your competition will have less
Ivan (IV) The Terrible
Initially a grand prince of Moscow but then became the Tsar of Russia in 1547; he ruled with violence, killing anyone that opposed him, he also reorganized land giving more to the loyals. After developing his military, he expanded into Siberia and took advantage of the resources and people; no heir caused a civil war
The Ming Dynasty
China’s population doubled during the Ming Dynasty; trade and mercantile reputation increased and created cultural ties with the West. The Ming Dynasty was along important in shaping Chinese culture (drama, literature, and porcelain); golden age for architecture, trade arts, and culture; contributed the most to the great wall of china
Zheng He
Leader of a naval fleet by Emperor Yongle (Muslim eunuch) with the purpose of getting tributes and strengthening trade relations; eventually these ships would rot in the port under the ——- dynasty
The Qing Dynasty
After the Ming dynasty fell because of corruption, taxes, rebellion, and the Manchu army, the Manchu people took over the government, starting the Qing dynasty. Hairstyle Massacre; showed submission and helped the young ruler if you didn’t cut your hair you would be killed, but the hair was important in Confucius's beliefs; also known for isolationism
The Manchu Empire
The Manchu were an ethnic minority under the Han Chinese, but then they revolted and started the Qing dynasty. They made sure to promote their values like the queue hairstyle, but foreign pressure strained their empire; native Chinese blamed the “Manchu foreigners” for giving the Europeans too much control of china
The Ottoman Empire
Founded in the late 14th century, it grew to be an Islamic superpower and had been a main figure in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and North Africa. A sultan ruled with complete control. The Ottomans conquered Constantinople in 1453 destroying the Byzantine Empire, laying the foundation for the Middle East
Main rulers: Mehmed II (conquers Constantinople) + Suleiman I (ruled under the peak but could defend all of the invasions)
95 Theses
Written by Martin Luther, a German monk to criticizes the Catholic Church; he nailed 95 complaints to a church door, because of the invention of the printer they were reprinted and quickly spead
English Reformation
Led by King Henry VIII
wrote a book attacking Martin Luther (made the pope like him)
The pope didn’t let him get a divorce
He divorces the Catholic Church and his wife
Become leader of the English Protestant Church
Centralizing power, king and religious leader → gains money by seizing catholic land and selling nobles the land
Printing Press
Created in Germany by Johannes Gutenberg in 1456 and helped to allow ideas to spread quickly
Effects: books published, free speech, books were vernacular
Safavid Empire
Rival to the Ottomans; Shi’a between 2 Sunni empires (Iraq vs Iran); replaced the Mongols (Timurid Empire); shahs requests had to be approved by the Prime Minister; economics based on agriculture and the Silk Road
Leaders: Shah Ismail I (united empire using Shi’a) + Shah Abbas I (trade with British, Dutch, and French until decline of Silk Road; got Portuguese out of Persian gulf)
Mughal Empire
Sunni Muslims; art + architecture like Taj Mahal and red fort; 1765 allowed British East India company to collect taxes in return for protection marked the start of British Colonization; Zamindars =military leaders who collected taxes; Akar governed efficiently and had a strong centralized government
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