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Pre embryonic period
From the time of fertilization through week 2 of gestation
Embryonic period
From week 3 through 8 of gestation
Fetal period
From week 9 through 36 of gestation
What forms the three germ layers of the body?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
What layer forms the teeth, skin, fingernails, eye tissues, and so on?
Ectoderm
What layer gives rise to muscle, blood vessels, lymphatic, connective tissue, bone, and cartilage?
Mesoderm
What layer develops into the respiratory epithelium, digestive system, liver, pancreatic, and other glands?
Endoderm
The early fractures of the face can be seen developing by
the embryonic age of 3 weeks
When the embryo is about 3 weeks old the length measures approximately?
3 to 4 mm from the top of the head to the tail area
Pharyngeal arches
Development tissue in the upper throat areas from which a number of structures in that region develop. (“U” - shaped bars of tissue.)
The open end of the “U” faces
posteriorly and surrounds the upper end of the foregut and part of the primitive oral cavity
Eventually six of these arches will develop;
The ones closest to the head are the largest and those father down are smaller size
which forms the digestive tube from the throat region to the duodenum and its the upper part?
Foregut
Which forms the rests of of the small intestine as well as the cecum, ascending colon, and most of the transverse colon and it’s the middle portion?
Midgut
Which forms the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum of the large intestine and it’s the lower portion?
Hindgut
What week does the membrane starts to closing off the top of the foregut disintegrates?
During the latter part of week 4
This connects the tube with the primitive oral cavity, which is a depression known as blank and forms the oral cavity and the oral pharynx.
Stomodeum
At about week 7, the bottom end of the tube fuses and disintegrates and becomes the
Anal and urethral openings
What membrane is found in the location that will become the region between the palatine tonsils and an area about two-thirds of the way back from the tip of the tongue?
Oropharyngeal membrane
When does the oropharyngeal membrane breaks down and connects between the oral cavity and digestive tract is established?
Beginning of week 4
The facial development can be visualized using five facial process/prominences that surround the oral cavity that includes?
Paired mandibular process, paired maxillary process, and frontonasal prominence.
Upper two pharyngeal arches, numbered with Roman numerals I and II, are also known
the mandibular arch and the hyoid arch.
What arch begins to show growth from the upper surface of the posterior end of the arch and will become the maxillary process?
Mandibular arch
What process can be subdivided?
Mandibular process below and maxillary process above
which form the hard palate in the roof of the mouth?
zygomatic bones of the cheek and the palatine bones
In the anterior (frontal) view of a 3-week embryo, note the forehead area, known as the
Frontonasal prominence
Two small depressions form low on the frontonasal prominence; these are the (beginning of nasal cavities)
Nasal pits
The areas on either side of these nasal pits begin to form a ridge and become the
Medial nasal process and the lateral nasal process
What week the two medial nasal processes have fused to each other and to the two maxillary processes to form the upper lip?
By week six
What nasal process takes no part in forming the upper lip; it gets pushed up and out of the way?
Lateral nasal process
What processes begin to fuse at their lower end, and that connection then starts to form perforations in it
Medial nasal and maxillary process
What flows into this groove and begins to fill in the area that lies between these perforations?
Connective tissue
There is an increase in the connective tissue of the upper lip around the groove, and the groove fills in and slowly disappears (movement)?
Migration
If the migration fails
The tissues will lack the ability to stretch as development continues; the resulting breakage will lead to a separation between the medial nasal process and maxillary process.
The separation can be the result of ectoderm becoming trapped between fusing medial nasal and maxillary process preventing fusion to occur know as
Clef lip
If clef lift occurs it takes about?
Week six of embryonic development (after fertilization of the ovum)
What week begins the formation of palate or roof of the mouth?
During week 5
The early developing part of the hard palate that comes from the medial nasal process and forms a V-shaped wedge of tissue that runs from the incisive foramen forward and laterally between the lateral incisors and canines of the maxilla.
Primary palate
Hard and soft palates; develops from the maxillary process, it begins during week 6, with the growth of the medial nasal processes into the primary palate
Secondary palate
What occurs next is the breakdown of the contacting epithelial layers of the palatal shelves because of the influence of chemicals produced by the epithelial cells. (shelf flows together)
Fusion
Epithelium-lined sac of fluid that may grow to varying sizes.
Cyst
Cyst that forms between the maxillary lateral incisor and canine.
globulomaxillary cyst
Cyst that forms along lines of fusion of palatal shelves of maxillae.
Median palatine cyst
two maxillary processes fuse with the primary palate during weeks
7 to 8 and then fuse with one
If a cleft palate were to develop, it will occur between weeks (after fertilization)
7 and 12
What occurs in about 1 in 700 births among Caucasians in the United States.
Cleft lip and palate
For African Americans in the United States?
the rate is about 1 in 2000
It is more frequent in Asians,
At about 3 in 2000
What involves lack of connective tissue migration between one maxillary process and the fused medial nasal processes
Unilateral cleft lip
Clef lip and cleft plate can be treated?
Surgically
What cleft surgery is encouraged as early as the first few months after birth?
Cleft lip
The purpose of the cleft lip surgery done early age?
No negative recollection of the surgical treatment, and the patient is not usually traumatized by the surgery
What creates psychological problems and opens the door to harassment by other children.
Speech impediment
If there is any family history of clefts
It will likely occur with greater frequency in the family than in a family without a history.
If a pregnant woman uses specific types of drugs, smokes, drinks alcohol, or is in an environment that has potentially damaging pollutants in the air or water, her child may have a greater risk of suffering
birth defects, such as clefts.
The external bulges in the future neck region are known as
pharyngeal arches
The depressions on the neck surface are known as
pharyngeal grooves
areas between the grooves are known as
pharyngeal pouches
Fifth cranial nerve (V); supplies motor control to the muscles of mastication and sensation to the teeth, oral cavity, and face.
Trigeminal nerve
An endocrine gland, and so eventually, after reaching its location in the neck, it will lose its duct and become an endocrine gland.
Thyroid gland
the tongue is too small for the mouth it results in a condition known (can cause eating and speech problems)
microglossia
If the tongue is too large, it results in a condition known (difficulties with speech, eating, and breathing and may required surgery and speech therapy)
Macroglosssia
Another condition that can cause speech problems of the tongue is (tongue tied)
ankyloglossia