Abnormal Psychobiology Exam 2 Part 4

The prevalence of ASD in white children was highest in 2017, but is now somewhat lower compared to Black, Hispanic, and Asian children

Which statement is TRUE regarding the prevalence of ASD diagnoses in Black, Hispanic, and Asian children relative to White children in the United States?

• Since 2017 the prevalence of ASD in white children has been the highest

• The prevalence of ASD in white children was highest in 2017, but is now somewhat lower compared to Black, Hispanic, and Asian children

• The prevalence of ASD in white children used to be the lowest, but is now much higher compare to Black, Hispanic, and Asian children

• In 2021, the prevalence of ASD was highest in White children, followed by Black, then Asian, then Hispanic children, respectively

fire action potentials both when observing an action performed by another organism and when an organism itself acts

Mirror neurons

• are located within the primary visual cortex

• are located within the fusiform face area in the temporal lobe

• fire action potentials only when observing an action performed by another organism of the same species

• fire action potentials both when observing an action performed by another organism and when an organism itself acts

There is no credible evidence linking MMR vaccination to an increased chance of ASD

Which of the following is TRUE?

• In the current version of the DSM, ASD is considered a subcategory of Intellectual Disability

• Rosa’s Law established mental retardation as the official term to refer to learning difficulties under federal law

• Symptoms of ASD are similar to those of mercury poisoning

• There is no credible evidence linking MMR vaccination to an increased chance of ASD

low APGAR score

According to the readings from this week, the largest risk factor in developing ASD would be

• genetic female (XX) sex

• having a younger-than-average age mother

• low APGAR score

• MMR vaccination

Concordance rate of ASD is higher for dizygotic than for monozygotic twins

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

• The disrupted connectivity hypothesis of ASD proposes cortical underconnectivity of long-distance connections coupled with local overconnectivity

• The letter P in APGAR score stands for pulse

• Concordance rate of ASD is higher for dizygotic than for monozygotic twins

• The letter G in APGAR score stands for grimace

involves a different chromosome

Compared to Down Syndrome, Williams Syndrome

• is more common

• involves a different chromosome

• is a DSM diagnostic category, whereas Down Syndrome is a genetic condition

• is now the preferred term for Down Syndrome in the latest version of the DSM

the amygdala is more activated when viewing threatening scenes

The images above show that in Williams Syndrome (WS), compared to controls,

• the dorsal visual stream is more activated when viewing threatening faces

• the amygdala is more activated when viewing threatening scenes

• the ventral visual stream is more activated when viewing threatening faces

• the amygdala is more activated when viewing threatening faces

In Williams Syndrome, the orbitofrontal cortex over-inhibits the activity of the amygdala

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

• The chromosomal abnormality causing Williams Syndrome occurs on the q arm of chromosome 7

• Individuals with Down Syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21

• In Williams Syndrome, the orbitofrontal cortex over-inhibits the activity of the amygdala

• The ventral visual stream is preferentially involved in object recognition and is also known as the “what?” stream

A) p arm; B) q arm; C) telomere

The correct labels for the features indicated at points A, B, and C in the figure above are

• A) p arm; B) q arm; C) telomere

• A) q arm; B) p arm; C) telomere

• A) p arm; B) q arm; C) centromere

• A) q arm; B) p arm; C) centromere

completing a visuoconstruction task

Hypoactivation in the parietal lobe of people with Williams Syndrome would most likely be observed when

• viewing threatening faces

• completing a visuoconstruction task

• viewing pictures of snakes or spiders

• completing a word association task

is caused by deletion of approximately 28 different genes on a single chromosome

Williams Syndrome

• is the most common chromosomal abnormality

• is caused by deletion of a single gene from approximately 28 different chromosomes

• produces the same stereotypical facial features as Down Syndrome

• is caused by deletion of approximately 28 different genes on a single chromosome

Many cardiovascular problems associated with Williams Syndrome are due to haploinsufficiency for elastin protein

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

• Individuals with Williams Syndrome tend to feel less empathy for other people

• Individuals with Williams Syndrome tend to be fearless in all contexts, similar to individuals with amygdala lesions

• Many cardiovascular problems associated with Williams Syndrome are due to haploinsufficiency for elastin protein

• Many visual problems associated with Williams Syndrome are due to having an extra copy of chromosome 7

requires that symptoms persist for a minimum of 6 months

Schizophrenia

• requires that an individual exhibit all of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized/abnormal behavior, and negative symptoms

• is clinically homogeneous across individuals in terms of symptoms

• requires that symptoms persist for a minimum of 6 months

• is classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder in the DSM-5

females tend to have more negative symptoms than males

Which of the following statements about negative symptoms of schizophrenia is FALSE?

• more negative symptoms suggest a poorer prognosis

• females tend to have more negative symptoms than males

• anhedonia is a common negative symptom

• negative symptoms often present before positive symptoms

are generally ineffective at treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Typical antipsychotic drugs

• have fewer side effects than atypical antipsychotic drugs

• are powerful dopamine agonists

• are also prescribed to treat tardive dyskinesia

• are generally ineffective at treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia

fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence

Delusions are

• perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus

• fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence

• the tendency to provide bizarre explanations for things

• illogical connections in chains of thought

hyperactive

According to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, pathway B in the figure above is

• hyperactive

• hypoactive

• missing

• congenitally deformed

Catatonic excitement

Common negative symptoms seen in patients with schizophrenia include all of the following except

• Avolition

• Catatonic excitement

• Anhedonia

• Diminished emotional expression

are often partial dopamine agonists

Atypical antipsychotic drugs

• include cocaine and amphetamines

• are often partial dopamine agonists

• are free of side effects

• target GABA instead of dopamine

copy number variants

Variations, deletions, or duplications of larger chromosomal segments that may affect one or multiple genes

• copy number variants

• single-nucleotide polymorphisms

• exons

• introns

Williams Syndrome

All of the following are examples of complex diseases except for

• Williams syndrome

• schizophrenia

• multiple sclerosis

• asthma

adopting a precision medicine approach

The reading for this week suggests that clinical treatment for schizophrenia might be made more effective by

• increased use of the general linear model to simplify research findings

• “lumping” schizophrenia together with bipolar disorder due to their shared genetic overlap

• adopting a precision medicine approach

• making NIH funding for basic research contingent upon showing effectiveness in reducing the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

living in a rural area

Environmental factors that are correlated with higher rates of schizophrenia diagnoses include all of the following EXCEPT for

• living in a rural area

• cannabis abuse

• complications during childbirth

• prenatal malnutrition

exons

DNA regions that contain instructions for making proteins

• copy number variants

• megatrons

• exons

• introns

single-nucleotide polymorphisms

Variations in a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome

• copy number variants

• single-nucleotide polymorphisms

• exons

• introns

does not interfere with activities of daily living (ADLs)

Mild cognitive disorder

• always precedes major cognitive disorder

• always occurs following recovery from major cognitive disorder

• does not interfere with activities of daily living (ADLs)

• is characterized by major decline in multiple cognitive domains

Alzheimer’s disease

Potential causes of traumatic brain injury (TBI) include all of the following EXCEPT

• contact sports (American football, rugby, boxing, etc)

• Alzheimer’s disease

• automobile accidents

• falls

a more genetically influenced condition than late onset Alzheimer’s disease

Early onset Alzheimer’s disease is

• more common than late onset Alzheimer’s disease

• a more genetically influenced condition than late onset Alzheimer’s disease

• defined as onset of symptoms after age 65 but before age 85

• classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder in the DSM-5

delusional disorder

According to the DSM-5, subtypes of neurocognitive disorder include all of the following EXCEPT

• traumatic brain injury (TBI)

• vascular disorder

• Parkinson’s disease

• delusional disorder

the most common form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a concussion

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

• an ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel bursts within the brain

• a hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks the blood flow in an artery within the brain

• the most common form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a concussion

• L-dopa (levodopa), used to treat Parkinson’s disease, works by blocking dopamine receptors

delirium, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder

According to the DSM-5, neurocognitive disorders include

• delirium, major neurocognitive disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder

• schizophrenia, major neurocognitive disorder, Parkinson’s disease

• delusional disorder, delirium, dementia

• delusional disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease

Psychosis

Based on the research we presented, which peripartum disorder is not definitively linked to pro-inflammatory cytokine activity?

• Anxiety

• Depression

• Anorexia

• Psychosis

All of the above

What outcomes are associated with high levels of inflammatory cytokines?

• High blood pressure

• Poor digestive health

• Mood dysregulation

• All of the above

Strong social support

Which preventative factor is shared by all peripartum psychiatric disorders presented?

• High levels of estrogen

• Strong social support

• Greater household income

• Fewer previous pregnancies

Diet

Which of these is not strongly associated with the development of Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)?

• Genetic factors

• Childhood trauma

• Attachment styles

• Diet

Williams Syndrome

Which of these disorders is not commonly comorbid with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)?

• Bipolar Disorder

• Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Borderline Personality Disorder

• Williams Syndrome

Cognitive behavioral therapy or schema therapy

Which of the following is considered the most appropriate treatment for Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)?

• Cognitive behavioral therapy or schema therapy

• Occasional participation in general support groups without structured therapy

• Stimulant medications like methylphenidate as first-line treatment

• Surgical intervention to reduce narcissistic traits

Optic nerve

The following brain areas are implicated in BPD EXCEPT:

• Hippocampus

• Optic nerve

• Insular cortex

• Amygdala

The DSM-5 states that personality disorders can only be diagnosed in adults

Which of the following is NOT a reason that a clinician may not diagnose BPD in a young adolescent?

• The personality may not be fully developed by this age

• BPD is a stigmatized condition

• The DSM-5 states that personality disorders can only be diagnosed in adults

• The emotional instability found in BPD can occur naturally in adolescent development

Differences in social communication, sensory processing, and repetitive behaviors

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of BPD?

• Unstable interpersonal relationships

• Recurrent suicidal behavior

• An inability to regulate emotions

• Differences in social communication, sensory processing, and repetitive behaviors

Cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit

What cortical pathway is most associated with OCD?

• Cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit

• Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

• Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

• Retino-tectal pathway

Eating

Which of the following is not a common compulsion in OCD?

• Cleaning

• Eating

• Counting

• Ordering and reorganizing

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

What is the best treatment for OCD in both children and adults?

• SSRIs

• Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

• SNRIs

Genetic predisposition

Which is NOT a possible environmental risk factor of adolescent drinking?

• Peer influence/pressure

• A family history of alcoholism

• Peer and family relationships

• Genetic predisposition

• Social media

Smaller hippocampal volume

What is one brain related effect of adolescent drinking?

• Smaller hippocampal volume

• Larger amygdala

• Larger frontal lobe

• Smaller brainstem

• Decreased white matter growth

Decreased anxiety

What is NOT one behavioral effect of adolescent drinking?

• Increased aggression

• Increased impulsive behavior

• Heightened sensation seeking

• Compromised executive functioning

• Decreased anxiety