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53 Terms

1

Top-Down Processing

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, like experiences and expectations.

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2

Transduction

Conversion of one form of energy into another, such as converting stimuli into neural signals.

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3

Psychophysics

The study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce.

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4

Absolute Threshold

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.

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5

Signal Detection Theory

Predicts how and when we detect a faint stimulus amid background noise, influenced by experience and expectations.

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6

Subliminal

Stimuli below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

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7

Priming

The unconscious activation of certain associations, influencing perception or memory.

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8

Difference Threshold

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time, also called the "just noticeable difference."

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9

Weber’s Law

The principle that to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion, not a constant amount.

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10

Sensory Adaptation

Reduced sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time.

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11

Wavelength

The distance between peaks of a light or sound wave, determining color or pitch.

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12

Hue

The dimension of color determined by wavelength (e.g., red, blue).

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13

Intensity

The amount of energy in a wave, perceived as brightness or loudness.

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14

Cornea

The eye’s clear, outer covering that protects the eye and begins focusing incoming light.

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15

Pupil

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

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16

Iris

The colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.

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17

Lens

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina.

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18

Retina

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing rods, cones, and neurons for processing visual information.

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19

Accommodation

The process by which the lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

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20

Rods

Photoreceptors in the retina that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to dim light.

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21

Cones

Photoreceptors in the retina that detect color and function best in bright light.

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22

Optic Nerve

The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

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23

Blind Spot

The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a spot with no receptor cells.

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24

Fovea

The central focal point in the retina, where cones are concentrated for detailed vision.

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25

Young–Helmholtz Trichromatic (Three-Color) Theory

The theory that the retina contains three types of color receptors (red, green, blue) that combine to produce all colors.

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26

Opponent-Process Theory

The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white) enable color vision.

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27

Feature Detectors

Neurons in the visual cortex that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as shape or movement.

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28

Parallel Processing

The brain’s ability to process many aspects of a problem (e.g., color, motion, form) simultaneously.

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29

Audition

The sense of hearing.

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30

Frequency

The number of sound wave cycles per second, determining pitch.

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31

Pitch

A tone’s highness or lowness, determined by frequency.

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32

Middle Ear

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea, containing tiny bones that amplify sound vibrations.

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33

Cochlea [KOHK-lee-uh]

A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled structure in the inner ear where sound waves are converted to neural signals.

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34

Inner Ear

Contains the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs, involved in hearing and balance.

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35

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve.

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36

Conduction Hearing Loss

Hearing loss caused by damage to the middle or outer ear, impeding sound conduction.

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37

Cochlear Implant

A device that converts sounds into electrical signals to stimulate the auditory nerve directly.

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38

Place Theory

The theory that pitch is determined by where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated.

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39

Frequency Theory

The theory that pitch is determined by the frequency of nerve impulses matching the sound wave’s frequency.

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40

Gate-Control Theory

The theory that the spinal cord contains a “gate” that controls the transmission of pain signals to the brain.

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41

Gustation

The sense of taste.

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42

Olfaction

The sense of smell.

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43

Kinesthesis [kin-ehs-THEE-sis]

The sense of body movement and position, including joint and muscle awareness.

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44

Vestibular Sense

The sense of balance and spatial orientation, controlled by structures in the inner ear.

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45

Sensory Interaction

The principle that one sense may influence another, such as smell enhancing taste.

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46

Embodied Cognition

The influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other physical states on cognitive preferences and judgments.

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47

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

A test that measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp, often used to study brain waves during sleep or seizures.

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48

MEG (Magnetoencephalography)

A technique that measures the magnetic fields produced by neural activity in the brain, providing precise timing and spatial details of brain function.

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49

CT (Computed Tomography) Scan

A medical imaging method that uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body or brain, often used to detect injuries or abnormalities.

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50

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan

A brain imaging technique that tracks the movement of a radioactive tracer injected into the body to measure metabolic activity and visualize brain function.

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51

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

A non-invasive imaging technique that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to produce detailed images of soft tissues, such as the brain.

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52

fMRI (Functional MRI)

A type of MRI that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, showing which brain areas are active during specific tasks.

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53

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A small cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus that serves as the brain’s master clock, regulating circadian rhythms, including sleep-wake cycles, in response to light cues.

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