APUSH Period 3

What era is referred to as 'The Age of Revolution in the Western World'?

The period during the 1760s and 1770s marked by disputes over taxation and the fight for liberty and rights.

What was the primary cause of the American colonies' push for independence?

Colonial resentment towards British taxation and lack of representation.

What significant event left Britain with a large debt and increased territorial control?

The Seven Years War.

What was the British government's approach to colonial affairs before the 1760s?

They were largely hands-off and uninterested in strict regulation.

What did the British aim to achieve after the Seven Years War regarding the colonies?

They sought to strengthen imperial authority and increase revenue from the colonies.

What was the Sugar Act of 1764 aimed at?

Reducing the tax on molasses while cracking down on smuggling and denying jury trials in admiralty courts.

What was the purpose of the Stamp Act of 1765?

To raise money through direct taxes on printed materials to finance British troops in North America.

How did colonists respond to the Stamp Act?

They united in opposition, leading to protests and the formation of groups like the Sons of Liberty.

What was the Declaratory Act?

An act that asserted British authority to tax the colonies, rejecting their claims of representation.

What were the Townshend Acts of 1767 designed to do?

Impose taxes on imports and reduce smuggling while paying the salaries of governors and judges.

What was the significance of the Boston Massacre in 1770?

It escalated tensions between colonists and British troops, resulting in the death of five colonists, including Crispus Attucks.

What was the Boston Tea Party?

A protest against the Tea Act where colonists dumped 300 chests of tea into Boston Harbor.

What were the Intolerable Acts?

A series of punitive measures imposed by the British government in response to the Boston Tea Party.

What did the Quebec Act do that worried American colonists?

It extended Quebec's territory and strengthened Catholicism, raising concerns over land ownership and religious influence.

What role did the Daughters of Liberty play during the revolutionary period?

They boycotted British goods and produced homemade textiles to support the nonimportation movement.

What was the outcome of the court cases following the Boston Massacre?

Seven out of nine soldiers were found not guilty, while two were convicted of manslaughter.

What was the economic impact of the Revenue Act on colonial trade?

It placed wool and hides on the enumerated list, requiring them to be shipped through England, aggravating economic recession.

What was the significance of the Letters from a Farmer in PA?

These essays argued for reconciliation with Britain and emphasized the Rights of Englishmen.

What was the primary goal of the Regulators in South Carolina?

To protest against the government's handling of the western part of the colony, which was seen as lawless.

What did the colonists mean by 'no taxation without representation'?

They believed that Britain had no right to tax them since they had no elected representatives in Parliament.

What did colonists vow to resist?

Any attempts to take away their liberty.

What were the Suffolk Resolves?

A declaration by rural areas and small towns in Massachusetts to rebel against British government and prepare for war.

What was the purpose of the Continental Congress?

To unite prominent colonial politicians in preparation for war against Britain.

What was the Continental Association?

An agreement that endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, halted trade with Britain, and encouraged domestic manufacturing.

What role did Committees of Safety play?

They transferred political power from the British to Americans, allowing common citizens to participate in politics.

What influenced many Americans to seek liberty from Britain by 1775?

Pamphlets, sermons, mass meetings, and the formation of militias.

What concept did Americans expand upon following John Locke's teachings?

Natural rights, broadening the definition of liberty.

What event is referred to as the 'Shot heard round the world'?

The battles of Lexington and Concord, where British forces attempted to seize a weapon stockpile.

Who led the capture of Fort Ticonderoga?

Benedict Arnold and the Green Mountain Boys.

What was the significance of the Battle of Bunker Hill?

Americans forced the British out of Boston and demonstrated their resolve.

What did Common Sense advocate for?

Independence from Britain and criticized monarchy, promoting democracy.

What was the Declaration of Independence primarily about?

A list of grievances against the British and a claim of inalienable rights.

What phrase did Jefferson add to the Declaration to signify individual potential?

'Pursuit of happiness.'

How did American nationalism manifest during the revolution?

As the idea that America was a refuge from tyranny and a symbol of freedom.

What was the global impact of the Declaration of Independence?

It inspired rebellions and independence movements worldwide.

How did the British view American rebels?

As traitors determined to crush the rebellion.

What challenges did the Americans face in organizing their military?

They had a less organized military and many militiamen were not enthusiastic about independence.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Saratoga?

Burgoyne was forced to surrender, marking a turning point in the war.

What hardships did Americans face during the winter at Valley Forge?

They suffered greatly while the British lived extravagantly.

What role did foreign aid play in the American Revolution?

France and Spain recognized American independence and provided support.

How did Native Americans respond during the revolution?

They broke into factions supporting either the British or Americans, resulting in violent conflicts.

What was the outcome of the British strategy in the South?

They exploited social tensions but ultimately faced defeats.

What marked the end of the American Revolutionary War?

The British defeat at the Battle of Yorktown.

What did the Treaty of Paris accomplish?

It recognized American independence and granted land west of the Mississippi.

Who was Abigail Adams and what was her influence?

Abigail Adams was one of the most influential women in politics, known for her advocacy against slavery and for women's autonomy, heavily relied upon by her husband, John Adams.

What was the significance of the phrase 'all men are created equal' in American history?

This phrase, articulated by Thomas Jefferson, was a radical challenge to British authority and became a rallying cry for the independence movement, linking American freedom to the concept of equality.

What were some key demands for democratization during the early American period?

Demands included universal male suffrage, religious toleration, and the abolition of slavery, reflecting a shift from complacency to active participation in governance.

How did Pennsylvania's political landscape change during the Revolution?

Prewar elites in Pennsylvania opposed independence, but pro-independence groups formed alliances with the Second Continental Congress, leading to a more radical democratic system shortly after independence.

What was the structure of Pennsylvania's constitution compared to other states?

Pennsylvania's constitution featured a single house for representation, which was viewed as excessive radicalism by John Adams, while most other states adopted a bicameral structure.

What was the debate surrounding suffrage in the United States?

The debate centered on whether to limit suffrage to landowners, as conservatives preferred, or to expand it to the common people, with northern states generally favoring broader access.

How did the Revolution impact voting rights by 1776?

The Revolution led to an expansion of voting rights, allowing most landowners to vote, while laws regarding women and people of color were implemented later.

What was the state of religious toleration in early America?

While religious toleration existed, it was often superficial, with discrimination against Catholics, Jews, and Dissenters, influenced by the diversity of religions in the states.

How did the war of independence affect perceptions of Catholicism?

The war lessened stigma around Catholicism as both Protestants and Catholics fought together, and the alliance with Catholic France contributed to this shift.

What was the Enlightenment view of religion held by many Founding Fathers?

Many Founding Fathers viewed religion through a Deist lens, believing in God but rejecting supernatural elements.

What was the purpose of separating church and state in early America?

The separation aimed to protect religion from government corruption and ensure political freedom, while still acknowledging the influence of Christian values on society.

What was Jefferson's Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom?

This bill eliminated religious requirements for political office and aimed to prevent religious indoctrination, marking a significant achievement for religious liberty.

How did the Revolution influence the relationship between religion and government?

The Revolution allowed religious institutions to thrive, but the rise of individual rights challenged traditional religious authority.

What is Christian Republicanism?

Christian Republicanism posits that religion is essential for moral restraint in government, viewing virtue as foundational for a free society.

How did the concept of economic freedom evolve after the Revolution?

The Revolution redefined freedom, moving away from unfree labor systems like indentured servitude towards wage labor, aligning economic independence with republican citizenship.

What was the debate regarding household independence and inflation during the Revolution?

Debates arose over whether the government should limit inflation to support household independence, as inflation surged due to wartime financial practices.

What was the response of Congress to inflation during the Revolution?

Congress urged states to fix wages and prices to prioritize public welfare over individual profit, leading to resistance from merchants.

What economic concept did Adam Smith support in The Wealth of Nations?

The idea of free trade, guided by an invisible hand rather than government intervention.

What was the composition of loyalists during the American Revolution?

About ¼ of colonists were loyalists, including slaves seeking freedom, those wanting to avoid persecution, and men supporting resistance without independence.

What were common consequences for loyalists during the American Revolution?

Loyalists faced imprisonment, exile, or confiscation of property due to their beliefs.

What was the fate of loyalists who fled to Canada after the war?

Many loyalists settled in Nova Scotia, establishing a self-governing loyalist government.

How did the Treaty of Paris affect loyalists in America?

The treaty stipulated that loyalists remaining in the states should be treated fairly and civilly.

What did 'White Freedom' mean in the context of the American Revolution?

It referred to the ability of white settlers to expand westward and take Native lands.

How did the Treaty of Paris impact Native Americans?

It ignored Native interests, leading to displacement as Western American settlement expanded.

How was slavery viewed during the Revolutionary Era?

Slavery was frequently contrasted with freedom, and many viewed the denial of liberty as a form of enslavement.

Who were some early advocates for the abolition of slavery?

Groups like the Quakers, Samuel Sewall, Benjamin Rush, and Thomas Jefferson.

What was Lord Dunmore's Proclamation?

A 1775 declaration offering sanctuary to non-loyalist slaves who escaped to British lines.

What was the trend of slavery abolition in Northern states between 1777 and 1804?

Northern states began to abolish slavery gradually, often allowing children born to enslaved mothers to gain freedom after a period of servitude.

What communities emerged as a result of gradual abolition in the North?

Free black communities formed, establishing churches and schools, and challenging the logic of slavery.

What role did women play during the American Revolution?

Women often disguised themselves as men to join the army and organized efforts to support the Continental Army.

What was the principle of coverture?

A legal doctrine where married women lost their identity and became property of their husbands.

How did the concept of marriage change after the Revolution?

Marriage began to shift from dominance to a partnership based on affection.

What was 'Republican Motherhood'?

The idea that women were valued for their political wisdom and role in raising virtuous citizens.

How did the Revolution impact the perception of America globally?

America was seen as a beacon of freedom, inspiring other revolutions worldwide.

What was the significance of the language of slavery and freedom during the Revolution?

It highlighted the contradictions of a society that proclaimed liberty while maintaining slavery.

What were the obstacles to abolition in the South during the Revolution?

Slavery was deeply entrenched in Southern culture and economy, making abolition difficult.

What was the impact of British emancipation efforts during the Revolution?

British offers of freedom to slaves led to a mass exodus from the US, causing significant labor loss for American owners.

What was the role of African Americans in advocating for their freedom during the Revolution?

They questioned the hypocrisy of Americans seeking liberty while denying it to slaves.

What changes occurred in family dynamics after the Revolution?

The perception of servants and slaves shifted, particularly in the North, where they were no longer seen as part of the family.

What was the broader impact of the Revolution on civil rights and suffrage?

The Revolution sparked discussions about civil rights, suffrage, and the nature of freedom in American society.

What was the purpose of the Articles of Confederation?

To balance the need for political coordination with widespread centralized power, allowing states to remain sovereign.

What major limitation did the Articles of Confederation have?

Major decisions required the approval of all states, making national change nearly impossible.

What triggered mass migration west after the American Revolution?

Peace after the revolution, which settlers viewed as a core American right, despite ignoring Native claims.

What was the Land Ordinance of 1785?

It established a system for surveying and selling land north of the Ohio River to control settlement and raise money.

What was the outcome of Shays' Rebellion?

Debt-ridden citizens closed courts to prevent land seizures, leading to a military response and highlighting the weaknesses of the Confederation.

Who were the Nationalists of the 1780s?

Key figures like James Madison and Alexander Hamilton who advocated for a stronger national government.

What was the Virginia Plan?

A proposal for a strong central government with a two-house legislature apportioned by population.

What was the New Jersey Plan?

A proposal for a single legislative body with equal representation for each state.

How did the Constitution limit democracy?

It allowed the House of Representatives to be elected but left qualifications to the states, favoring the elite.

What was the purpose of the system of checks and balances?

To prevent any branch of government from dominating the others.

What was the Three-Fifths Clause?

A provision that allowed Southern states to count enslaved individuals as three-fifths of a person for representation purposes.

What was the Fugitive Slave Clause?

It mandated that escaped enslaved people remained enslaved even in non-slave states, requiring states to assist in their capture.

What was the Federalist's main argument during the ratification debate?

They argued that the Constitution protected liberty and prevented tyranny through checks and balances.

Who were the Anti-Federalists?

Opponents of the Constitution who feared it shifted power too far from the states and lacked a Bill of Rights.

What was the Bill of Rights?

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, outlining citizens' rights and freedoms.

How did the Constitution address the lack of a judicial branch?

Article 3 of the Constitution established a national judiciary to ensure uniformity in legal proceedings.