Cell communication, signaling

The four components necessary for cellular communication are __________, __________, __________, and __________.

Receptor activation, Transduction, Response, Termination

Receptor activation is triggered by a __________ or First messenger.

LIGAND

The steps of cell signaling include receptor activation, __________, cellular response, and termination.

Transduction

Kinases are enzymes that __________ molecules to help propagate or continue signaling cascades.

Phosphorylate

Phosphatases are responsible for __________, which helps to terminate the signal.

DEPhosphorylating

Endocrine signaling is characterized by __________ distance communication through the blood.

long

Phospholipase C cleaves PIP2 into two products, __________ and __________.

DAG, IP3

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases generally cause changes in __________ expression.

gene

The transduction step can be thought of as converting a signal into __________ form.

another

If termination does not occur in cell signaling, it can lead to __________ of resources and disrupt homeostasis.

waste

What is a ligand in cellular communication?

A ligand is a molecule that binds to a receptor to initiate a cellular response.

Define transduction in cell signaling.

Transduction is the process of converting a signal into a form that can bring about a cellular response.

What role do kinases play in cell signaling?

Kinases phosphorylate molecules, enabling the propagation of signaling cascades.

What is the function of phosphatases?

Phosphatases dephosphorylate molecules, helping to terminate signaling processes.

Describe endocrine signaling.

Endocrine signaling involves long-distance communication through the bloodstream using hormones.

What do phospholipase C enzymes do?

Phospholipase C cleaves PIP2 into two secondary messengers, DAG and IP3.

How do Receptor Tyrosine Kinases affect gene expression?

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases typically cause changes in gene expression, influencing cellular responses.

What happens if cell signaling termination does not occur?

Failure to terminate cell signaling can lead to waste of resources and disrupt homeostasis.

What is IP3's role in cell signaling?

IP3 acts as a secondary messenger that stimulates calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Why is specificity important in cell signaling?

Specificity is crucial for ensuring that signals trigger the appropriate responses in target cells.

In cell communication, __________ are molecules that bind to receptors.

ligands

The process of converting the signal after receptor activation is called __________.

transduction

Receptors activated by ligands cause changes in __________ expression in the target cell.

gene

__________ communication plays a role in signaling between distant cells with the bloodstream.

endocrine

The two main secondary messengers produced by phospholipase C are __________ and __________.

DAG, IP3

__________ charge to adenylate cyclase promotes the production of cAMP as a secondary messenger.

ATP

Apoptosis can be induced as a cellular response during __________ signaling.

cell

Phosphorylation usually involves the addition of a __________ group to a protein.

phosphate

If signaling is not terminated, it may lead to a waste of __________.

resources

The binding of a ligand to a receptor leads to a __________ cascade within the cell.

signaling