Ob/Gyn Registry Review Study Guide Notes

Flashcards for OB/GYN registry preparation based on the 2022 edition study guide, focusing on essential vocabulary, anatomy, pathology, and fetal syndromes.

True Pelvis

The area deep and below the linea terminalis containing the bladder, small bowel, rectum, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, internal iliacs, and five specific muscles.

Linea Terminalis

An imaginary line from the pubic symphysis to the sacral prominence (top of sacrum) that divides the true and false pelvis.

Pelvic Diaphragm

The hammock-shaped group of support muscles consisting of the levator ani and coccygeus muscles.

Obturator Internus

An adnexal muscle located lateral to the bladder.

Broad Ligament

A double fold of peritoneum extending from the lateral sides of the uterus to the pelvic walls; it is only visualized sonographically when pelvic ascites is present.

Round Ligament

A ligament found between the folds of the broad ligament that supports the fundus of the uterus superiorly.

Cardinal Ligament

The uterine ligament that contains the uterine vasculature.

Hypogastric Artery

Another name for the internal iliac artery, from which the uterine arteries branch.

Ovarian Arteries

Also known as gonadal arteries, these originate directly from the aorta.

Space of Retzius

The retropubic space identified anterior to the urinary bladder.

Pouch of Douglas

Also known as the posterior cul-de-sac or rectouterine pouch, located between the uterus and the rectum.

Anterior Cul-de-sac (CDS)

Also known as the vesicouterine pouch, located between the bladder and the uterus.

Müllerian Ducts

The paired embryological structures that fuse to form the uterus.

Uterine Cornu

The lateral areas of the fundus where the fallopian tubes attach.

Myometrium

The muscular middle layer of the uterus.

Endometrium

The mucosal layer of the uterus consisting of the superficial functional layer (shed during menses) and the deep basal layer.

Anteflexion

A uterine position where the body folds forward and comes in contact with the cervix.

Retroversion

A uterine position where the body tilts back without a bend.

Ampulla

The longest and most tortuous segment of the fallopian tube; it is the most common location for fertilization and ectopic pregnancies.

Fimbria

Finger-like extensions of the infundibulum that draw the unfertilized egg into the fallopian tube.

Graafian Follicle

The dominant follicle that matures in response to FSH.

Cumulus Oophorus

A daughter cyst appearing within the dominant follicle which contains the ovum.

Corpus Luteum

The structure that replaces the ruptured Graafian follicle and secretes progesterone.

Mittelschmertz

Meaning 'middle pain', it refers to pain occurring in the middle of the cycle near ovulation.

Gravida

The total number of pregnancies a woman has had.

Para

The number of pregnancies carried to term.

Amenorrhea

The absence of menstruation; primary is the failure to reach menarche by age 16; secondary is when menses stops.

Ovarian Volume Formula

$$L \times W \times H \times 0.523$$

Septate Uterus

The most common congenital uterine anomaly, characterized by two separate endometrial cavities and a concave fundal contour.

Adenomyosis

The invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium, often causing a 'linear striations' appearance and posterior uterine thickening.

Leiomyoma

Also known as a fibroid or myoma, it is a benign smooth muscle tumor stimulated by estrogen.

Nabothian Cyst

A benign retention cyst located within the cervix.

Gartner Duct Cyst

A small cyst located along the vaginal wall.

Endometrial Hyperplasia

Abnormal thickening of the endometrium resulting from unopposed estrogen stimulation.

Asherman Syndrome

Adhesions or synechiae within the uterine cavity resulting from scar formation after surgery or D&C.

Stein-Leventhal Syndrome

A clinical condition associated with PCOS characterized by obesity, hirsutism, and amenorrhea.

Endometrioma

A blood-filled cyst, also called a 'chocolate cyst', that forms from ectopic endometrial tissue in the adnexa.

Theca Lutein Cysts

Large, bilateral, multiloculated cysts found only with highly elevated levels of hCG ($>100,000\,mIU/mL$).

Cystic Teratoma

Also known as a dermoid, the most common benign ovarian tumor composed of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

Meigs Syndrome

The triad of a benign ovarian tumor (most commonly a fibroma), ascites, and pleural effusion.

Krukenburg Tumor

A metastatic ovarian tumor, usually originating from the GI tract (stomach).

Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor

Also known as an androblastoma, a sex-cord stromal tumor associated with virilization.

Zygote

The term for a fertilized egg immediately after conception.

Blastocyst

A stage of embryonic development consisting of an outer trophoblast (producing hCG) and an inner embryoblast.

Double Decidual Sign

A sonographic finding in early pregnancy consisting of two layers of decidua (capsularis and parietalis) to confirm an IUP.

Vitelline Duct

The structure connecting the embryo to the yolk sac, containing one artery and one vein.

Rhombencephalon

A cystic structure noted within the fetal head at 8 weeks that eventually develops into the 4th ventricle.

Nuchal Translucency (NT)

The fluid-filled layer between the fetus and skin in the 1st trimester; abnormal is considered $>3\,mm$.

Heterotopic Pregnancy

A rare condition where an intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) and an ectopic pregnancy coexist.

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD)

Also known as a molar pregnancy; a condition resulting from abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic cells.

Vesicular Snowstorm

The sonographic appearance of a large, complex mass within the uterus indicating a complete hydatidiform mole.

Blighted Ovum

Also known as an anembryonic pregnancy; a gestational sac $>25\,mm$ without a fetal pole.

Levocardia

The normal position of the heart with the apex pointing toward the left of the chest.

Moderator Band

An anatomical landmark located within the right ventricle (RV) of the fetal heart.

Ductus Venosus

A fetal shunt that carries oxygen-rich blood from the umbilical vein to the IVC, bypassing the liver.

Foramen Ovale

A fetal cardiac shunt that moves blood from the right atrium to the left atrium.

Ductus Arteriosus

A fetal shunt that connects the main pulmonary artery (MPA) to the aorta, bypassing the lungs.

Ebstein Anomaly

A condition where the tricuspid valve is malpositioned apically within the right ventricle, often leading to an 'atrialized' RV.

Ectopia Cordis

A condition where the heart is located outside the chest through a sternal defect.

Bochdalek Hernia

The most common type of diaphragmatic hernia, occurring on the left side and containing the stomach and bowel.

Cavum Septum Pellucidum (CSP)

A box-shaped midline brain structure used as a landmark for the corpus callosum; it does not communicate with the ventricles.

Aqueduct of Sylvius

Also known as the cerebral aqueduct, it connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle.

Hydranencephaly

A fatal condition where the cerebral hemispheres are replaced by fluid, and no rim of cerebral tissue is visible.

Dandy-Walker Malformation

A defect of the cerebellar vermis leading to a dilated 4th ventricle and a 'key-hole' appearance in the posterior fossa.

Arnold-Chiari II Malformation

Cranial malformations (lemon head, banana cerebellum) caused by the downward pull of spinal contents from an open spina bifida.

Proboscis

A false nose or projection often seen with holoprosencephaly or eye abnormalities.

Cystic Hygroma

An accumulation of lymphatic fluid under the skin, most common in the neck, strongly associated with Turner's syndrome.

VACTERL

A nonrandom association of defects including: Vertebral, Anorectal, Cardiac, Tracheoesophageal, Esophageal, Renal, and Limb.

Achondroplasia

The most common non-lethal skeletal dysplasia, commonly referred to as dwarfism.

Cloverleaf Skull

Also known as craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of cranial sutures found in thanatophoric dysplasia.

Gastroschisis

Bowel herniation through an opening on the right side of the umbilical cord insertion, which is not covered by a membrane.

Omphalocele

A midline abdominal wall defect where bowel and/or liver herniate into the base of the umbilical cord, covered by a membrane.

Potter's Syndrome

A condition resulting from bilateral renal agenesis, characterized by no bladder, no fluid, and pulmonary hypoplasia.

Prune Belly Syndrome

Also known as Eagle-Barrett syndrome, characterized by a triad of absent abdominal muscles, undescended testes, and urinary tract abnormalities.

Triploidy

A chromosomal condition where there are three complete sets of chromosomes, totaling 69.

Monozygotic Twins

Twins resulting from a single ovum that splits; they are identical.

Twin Peak Sign

Also known as the lambda or delta sign, used to identify a dichorionic/diamniotic (Di/Di) pregnancy.

Twin to Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)

A monochorionic twin complication involving fetal shunting through placental vessels from a donor to a recipient.

Cotyledons

The functional units of the placenta consisting of lobes of chorionic villi.

Placenta Previa

The implantation of the placenta in the lower uterine segment covering or near the internal os.

Vasa Previa

A critical condition where fetal vessels from the umbilical cord are implanted across the internal os.

Asymmetrical IUGR

Fetal growth restriction characterized by a brain-sparing effect, where blood is shunted to the head making the AC measure small.

RhoGAM

An immune globulin given to Rh-negative mothers at 28 weeks to prevent immune hydrops (erythroblastosis fetalis).

ALARA

The principle of 'As Low As Reasonably Achievable' regarding acoustic output and exposure time during ultrasound.