BIOS 255 Exam 3 with expert curated questions and answers-Chamberlain

Calculate the client's minute ventilation

Tidal volume = 400 mL; Vital capacity = 4.2 L; Respiratory rate = 14 breaths/minute; Heart rate = 70 beats/min

Describe the layers of the pleural membrane and their location relative to the lungs

Visceral pleura: inner layer, tightly adherent to the lung surface.

Pleural cavity: the small fluid-filled space between the two layers.

Parietal pleura: outer layer, lines the chest wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum

The partial pressure of oxygen

The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately 100 mmHg

Conducting Zone Structures

Trachea

Terminal bronchioles

Larynx

The conducting zone of the respiratory system comprises the structures that facilitate air passage into and out of the lungs, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles, but not the alveoli

Alveoli

Alveoli are not a conducting zone structures of the respiratory system

Which alveolar cells form the structure of alveoli and permit rapid gas diffusion between air and blood?

Type I alveolar cells, also known as squamous alveolar cells or type I pneumocytes, form the thin walls of the alveoli and enable rapid gas diffusion between air and blood

Divisions of the Left Lung

Superior lobe

Inferior lobe

Internal Respiration

Internal respiration is the term that best describes the movement of gases between blood and tissues

Muscles primarily responsible for inspiration

diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles

Diaphragm

dome-shaped, muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity (chest) from the abdominal cavity (belly)

Diaphragm Muscle

The primary function of the ____ during expiration is relaxing to decrease thoracic volume

External Intercostal Muscles

A layer of muscles located between the ribs, playing a key role in respiration by elevating the ribs and expanding the chest cavity during inhalation

Carina

The bifurcation of the trachea into the left and right main bronchi

Opsonization

The process by which antibodies mark pathogens for destruction by phagocytes

Helper T-cells

Are crucial white blood cells that play a vital role in the body's immune system

Simple Diffusion

Gases move across the respiratory membrane between tissues and blood via simple diffusion, driven by concentration gradients, where oxygen moves from areas of high concentration (alveoli) to areas of low concentration (capillaries and tissues), and carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction

Nasal Conchae

Responsible for humidifying, warming, and cleansing inhaled air before it reaches the lungs

IgE

The antibody found on mast cells and basophils that stimulates histamine and other chemicals in response to inflammation and allergens is immunoglobulin

Type I Hypersensitivity

Occurs when IgE antibodies are produced within seconds of exposure to an allergen

Asthma

Bronchoconstriction occurs due to parasympathetic stimulation

Interferons

Antimicrobial proteins released by virally infected cells to prompt neighboring cells to activate defense mechanisms to limit the spread of infection

Phrenic Nerve

The nerve that controls the diaphragm and is crucial for normal breathing

IgM

Upon primary exposure to an antigen, ____ antibody is first produced after 3-6 days

Hemoglobin

Most oxygen in the blood is transported bound to ______, a protein within red blood cells, with a small amount dissolved directly in the plasma.

Obstructive Lung Disorders

Decreased expiratory flow rates is a characteristic of____

Signs of Inflammation

redness, heat, swelling, pain

Bicarbonate Ions

The majority of carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), formed when CO2 reacts with water in red blood cells, with a smaller portion carried as carbamino compounds and dissolved in the plasma

IgG

the most common class of immunoglobulins in blood plasma that can also cross the placental barrier is _____

MHC-II proteins occur only on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and display foreign antigens to which type of cells?

Helper T Cells

Negative Selection

a process that eliminates T cells that strongly react with self-antigens

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

the leukocytes that release perforins and granzymes to induce apoptosis in enemy cells

The Partial Pressure of Oxygen

in arterial blood is typically around 75 to 100 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) at sea level.

External Intercostal Muscles

Nasopharynx

Divisions of the Left Lung

Boyle's Law

a fundamental gas law, states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the pressure and volume are inversely proportional, meaning that as pressure increases, volume decreases, and vice versa

Terminal Bronchioles

smallest airways that contain alveoli

The Bronchial Tree

Respiratory bronchioles divide into alveolar ducts that end in alveolar sacs

Diaphragm

The primary function of the ______ during expiration is relaxing to increase thoracic volume

Form first and second lines of defense

Components of Innate or Non-specific Immunity

Bronchioles

The diameter of the ____ primarily determines airway resistance in the respiratory system

Type I Hypersensitivity

occurs when IgE antibodies are produced within seconds of exposure to an allergen

Phrenic Nerve

The nerve that controls the diaphragm and is crucial for normal breathing is the phrenic nerve

Which of the following cells form a part of the cell-mediated immunity?

Anatomical Dead Space

term that describes the volume of air that remains in the conducting zone and does not participate in gas exchange

Central Chemoreceptors

brainstem respond to changes in pH and regulate respiration to maintain stable CO2 levels in the blood

Vital capacity (VC)

represents the total amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort

Paratope

The antigen-binding site of an antibody, also known as the _____, is formed by the variable regions (Fab) of both the heavy and light chains, specifically at the tips of the "Y" shaped antibody molecule

The Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

the respiratory center that is responsible for generating the basic rhythm of breathing

Variable Region

component of an antibody's structure serves as the antigen-binding site

form a part of the cell-mediated immunity

Cytotoxic T-cells