CPSY 4302 Exam 2

Babinski reflex

-big toe turns upward and the rest fan out

grasping reflex

-hand closes and grasps

moro/startle reflex

-throws head back, extends arm and back in

rooting reflex

-turns head, opens mouth toward contact

sucking reflex

-begins sucking

tonic neck reflex

-arm on side of turned head stretches out, opposite arm bends at elbow "fencing pose"

stepping reflex

-walking motion

why some reflexes disappear

-brain maturation vs. physical growth

-birth of dynamic systems theory

physical growth: weight and length

-weight: fastest in first 3 years, x2 by 5 mo, x3 by 1 year

-length: body parts grow variably, big heads

physical growth: nutrition

-complexity of breastfeeding vs. formula: 48%worldwide breastfeed

-colostrum: first milk produced, thick yellowish, high protein and antibodies

-zinc, iron, calcium IMPORTANT!

-iron most commonly missed nutrient

-toddlers (12-24mo): smaller appetite than infant, slower growth rates

physical growth: nutrition (solid foods)

-solid foods (4-6mo)

-require fine motor skills

-food groups

-closer to 8-10mo

-start with small finger foods

-allergens: wheat, fish/seafood, honey, eggs, nuts

-100 foods by 1 yr programs support food introductions, taste, picky eaters

physical growth: failure to thrive FTT

-organic: physical abnormalities with mouth, head, face shape

-inorganic:insufficient caloric resources

-CAUSES: inadequate caloric intake-physical challenges consuming food, access------increased caloric losses/malabsorption-gastrointestinal issues------increased systemic caloric demand-increased caloric needs due to medical condition

-stunting: gene X environment

jaundice

-immature liver

-yellow skin at birth or within 2 days

-60% full term 80% preterm

-~1 million babies/yr

-if treated resolves quickly if not can lead to death/brain damage

colds

-runny nose/fever

-6mo

-7/8 a year

-low risk, seek professional care with fever over 105

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

-upper respiratory system

-obstruction of bronchioles

-difficulty breathing

-almost all children under 2

-33 million cases/ yr

-require hospitalization

-risk greatest under 3mo

-45000 deaths from 0-6mo

ear infections

-fluid build up and trapped bacteria in middle ear

-linked to colds/ sore throat

-immature eustachian tube

-5/6 babies before 3yrs

-2nd most common illness

-require antibiotics or tubes

vaccines

-MMR: measles, mumps, rubella

-polio

-hepatitis A/B

-chickenpox

-influenza

-rotavirus

-DTP: diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (whooping cough)

immunization rates

-dropped since covid

-1/5 children lack access to lifesaving vaccines

-U.S. infants receive 14 vaccines starting at 2mo

Wakefield controversy

-linked MMR vaccine to autism but was NOT TRUE

accidental injuries

-leading cause of death from1-4yrs

-common injuries that can be deadly

-drowning, car accident, suffocation, burns, ingestion of toxic chemicals

-firearms, 1200 deaths from 2003-2021, 29% of children between 0-5yrs

-1/3 children live in home with firearms

-safe storage laws, child access prevention laws

sleep safety

-sudden unexplained infant death

-sleeping arrangements can explain 25% of SIDS/accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed ASSB

-soft bedding, overlay of another sleeping person, entrapment, tangled in bedding

-public health campaigns, safe to sleep have reduced rates

-sleep on back, wearable blankets, no hats, firm flat sleep surface with fitted sheet

sleep and healthy development

-sleep need decreases across lifespan; infants 14-17hrs

-cycled lighting in nicu leads to greater daytime activity, faster weight gain, less fussing/ cry, less time on ventilators, shorter hospital stay

-breast milk has circadian variation

-tryptophan enriched formula at night leads to positive sleep results

sleep challenges light exposure

-49% children 0-8 use screen in the hour before bed

-screen based media before bed associated with delayed bedtime, longer sleep onset latency, shorter sleep duration

-shorter sleep durations and increased awakenings at 18mo linked to emotional and behavioral problems at 5yrs

-home lighting environment can improve sleep health

sensation

-brain receives input from sensory organs

-detection of world

perception

-brain interprets info from sensory receptors

-making sense of sensation

touch

-any stimulation of skin

-4-7 wks post conception

-testing reflexes one example of touch sensation activation (habituation and change detection)

-pain babies feel 24wks gestation

-multiple indicators of pain sensation

-differences preterm to full term

-touch, massage, reducing pain

-epidermis (outer layer of skin), dermis (middle), hypodermis (inner layer)

taste

-gustation=taste

-papillae: skin layer hosts taste buds

-3000-10000 taste buds

-chemical receptors

-8wks post conception, functional at 14wks, fully developed 33-36wks

-tongue, cheek, epiglottis, soft palate, esophagus

-still a mystery in brain

-current hypothesis is multiple brain areas receive taste signals

-different for each type of taste, bitter-gustatory cortex, sweet,salty,umami-insula?, sour-?

carrot juice study

-babies who received carrot juice during pregnancy preferred the taste after birth as well as compared to those who did not receive it

smell

-olfactory receptors

-nose and mouth

-9wks post conception

-more research needed on smell in utero

-signals sent to olfactory bulb: sweet, amniotic fluid, breastmilk, fear

-supports recognition of caregiver (longer looking to mom's face when newborn also smells mom)

hearing

-we receive sound(brainstem)--> transform into electrical signal(midbrain)-->send to brain for processing(auditory cortex)

-6wks dots on head form

-20wks outer ear

-25wks bones and brain connection

-responsive at 30-35wks

-1-2 of 1000 live births have hearing loss

-exposure to loud sounds>50dB bad for babies

-IDS/ higher frequency good for babies

vision

-least developed at birth

-dramatic change in first 3yrs

-minimal light leads to minimal development in utero

-retina forms 8wks gestation but doesn't fully form until post birth

-32wks immature pupil (caution for premies)

-eye movement control first month post birth

retina

-light sensitive

-hosts two photoreceptors

-part of nervous system

-electrical signal sent through optic nerve

rod

-all light stimuli except color

-120million

cone

-color, bright light

-6-7million

-fovea: back center of eye, sharpest and clearest vision

teller acuity test

-black and white lines

-newborn 20/200

-8m 20/100

-10m 20/50

-3-6yr=adult 20/20

congenital cataracts

-clouded lens

-20000-40000 births globally

-surgical correction

-improvement 1hr after surgery

-better outcome with earlier surgery

-face-space not recovered after surgery

object perception

-perceiving boundaries/ differences

-4.5mo-shape contrast, motion

-6-7mo-shape, color and pattern, dimension

-learning feature boundaries through experience

face perception

-faces carry critical info for successful navigation of the social world including: intentions, age, emotion, gender, race, identity attractiveness

-newborns orient toward face-like configurations (especially eyes)

implications of perceptual specificity

-perceptual sensitivity influences communication and learning cues involving faces

-emotion face processing

connecting senses and perception across modalities

-modality specific: specific to 1 sense

-amodal attributes: independent of any single/specific sense

-duration, rhythm, timing, colocation

-intersensory redundancy

-intermodal perception: integrating modality specific and amodal attributes

is experience needed for intermodal perception?

-could blind person upon suddenly gaining ability to see recognize object by sight that he had previously known by feel?

-if yes we possess innate concepts that are independent of the senses

-if no any concept of a spere or other object must be tied to sensory experience

-expereince IS NEEDED- cross-modal transfer is not innate

-althought very young infants succeed, there is still need for experiential learning

can newborns recognize cross-modally? (cross-modal transfer)

-yes recognize feeling from sight

-feeling in hands to sight

piaget

-knowledge acquired in stages

-sensori-motor, pre-operational, concrete operations, formal operations

development in sensori-motor stage

-reflex schemes, 0-1mo, action reflexes, reflex>intentional actions, ex: sucking, grasping, eye movement

-primary circular reactions, 1-4mo, first changes in actions, adaptions to schemes, ex: sucking fingers, grasping objects

-secondary circular reactions, 4-8mo, applies schemes to objects and updates, intentionally produce effects (causal), ex: shaking rattle

-coordination 2nd CR, 8-12mo, link distinct schemes, applies to new situations, ex: lids spoon banging pot

-tertiary CR, 12-18mo, intentionally acting on their world, experimentation object manipulation, ex: round peg triangular hole

-mental representation, 18-24mo, forms representation of objects and events, symbolic representation, ex: putting doll to sleep

A not B object permanence

-piaget: interprets failure of task as evidence that infants think their actions (reaching) cause appearance of object

-usually pass task at 12-18mo

vygotsky mechanisms of development

-social and more knowledgeable others

-gradual and continuous

-ZPD: zone of proximal development

information processing

-memory systems

-information registries--> later processing

-born with domain general processes to be ready for experiential learning

core knowledge

-continuous quantitative development

-evolutionarily ancient knowledge

-domain specific knowledge

-core knowledge domains: object permanence, solidity, cohesion, support

systems and connectionist theory

-co-development of many things

-discontinuity and continuity

orienting

-directing attention or gaze to object, location, event

-turning eye gaze toward dad's face

selecting

-choosing some info to attend to and other info to ignore

-looking at eyes of face and ignoring nose and mouth

maintaining

-continuing to attend to some info, resisting to shift to other info

-continuing looking at dad's face even with dog barking

Covert (vs. Overt)

-attending to something without looking at it

-listening to basketball game on tv

explicit memory

-requires conscious awareness

implicit memory

-doesn't require conscious awareness

-learning through classical conditioning

semantic memory

-facts/ general knowledge

episodic memory

-personally experienced events

procedural memory

-motor and cognitive skills

priming

-enhances identification of objects or words

infantile amnesia

-effects episodic memory and hippocampus

autobiographical memory

-memory for events in your life

-remembering second birthday party

short term memory

-limited memory that lasts a few moments

-only a few things can be stored here

-remembering phone number you have just been told long enough to make call

long term memory

-unlimited memory that last indefinitely

-memories or facts and events that have happened in our lives

episodic memory

-memories for events

-memory of a picnic with boats

semantic memory

-memory for facts

-knowing state names

categorization in infants

-begins early 2-3mo

-internal vs external features

-shape, color, pattern, color-function, labels ~6mo

-concept ~12mo

cephalocaudal principle

-development from head to toe

proximodistal principle

-development from center of body toward extremities

general-to-specific principle

-development of motor skills in child from whole body movements to precise

primitive reflexes

-involuntary muscle contractions induced by specific stims

rooting

-turning head to object

-locating food

-3-4mo

sucking

-rhythmic sucking motion

-intake of food

-3-4mo

moro startle reflex

-arms and palms spread outward then return to midline

-crying

-3mo

palmar grasp

-palm closes around stimulus

-4mo

spinal galant

-swings pelvis toward stimulated side

-2-9mo

asymmetric tonic neck reflex

-baby extends arm on face side and flexes arm on skill side

-4-6mo

symmetric tonic neck reflex

-arms bend and legs extend with head flex

-arms extend and legs bend when head is extended

-8-12mo

motor milestones

-look different in every baby but generally follow the same timeline