evolution exam 1 teacher review

HIV initiates replication by latching on to which two proteins?

1. CD4 and CCR32 (a coreceptor)

2. Delta32 and CCR5

3. CD4 and CCR5 ( a coreceptor)

4. TCR and CD4

CD4 and CCR5 ( a coreceptor)

HIV follows which flow of genetic information?

1. DNA to RNA to mRNA to protein

2. RNA to DNA to mRNA to protein

3. RNA to mRNA to DNA to protein

4. Protein to DNA to mRNA

RNA to DNA to mRNA to protein

Mutation rates can be influenced by:

1. The environment

2. The gene region

3. The species

4. All of the above

All of the above

The fungus Phytopthera infestans caused the Irish potato famine because it infected potato crops and made them rot. Phytopthera infestans is only virulent when it can avoid the potato plant’s defenses.

A loss-of-function mutation in the Avirulence gene allows this to happen and causes potato disease, but only when fungal strains are homozygous recessive (aa), not when they are AA or Aa. You observe potato crop where 75/100 plants have rotted from Phytopthera infes at the Avirulence locus, what is the frequency of the a allele?

1. Not enough information

2. 100%

3. 50%

4. 75%

Not enough information

The delta-32 allele has the lowest frequencies in areas where

1. HIV infection is rampant or abundant

2. HIV infection is rare

3. HIV strains are missing the viral protein Nef

4. HIV contains the CD4 receptor within its RNA genome

HIV infection is rampant or abndant

How does AZT work?

1. Is a HAART cocktail

2. Helps reverse transcriptase add more thymidine to the proteins

3. interrupts the pathway that adds more nucleotides

4. AZT is not a drug

Interrupts the pathway that adds more nucleotides

The amount of sunlight any orchid receives per day influences growth rates, flowering time, and number of flowers. This is an example of:

1. Phenotypic influence

2. Phenotypic cognition

3. Phenotypic plasticity

4. Phenotypic diversity

Phenotypic plasticity

What is a paraphyletic group of organisms?

1. Groups that include paranormal species and their ancestors

2. Group that includes a common ancestor and some but not all descendants

3. Groups that include all descendants of a common ancestor

4. Groups that include all but one descendent of a common ancestor

Group that includes a common ancestor and some but not all descendants

Which of the following may explain why HIV-1 is highly lethal?

1. Because evolution is short sighted

2. Because HIV infects host immune cells

3. Because the high mutations rate of RNA viruses allows natural selection

4. Because HIV viral loads increased over time

5. All choices are correct

All choices are correct

Evolution is progressive in that complexity is always increasing with time

1. True

2. False

False

What is it called when two species experience similar environments and evolve the same adaptations?

1. Coincidence

2. Coevolution

3. Convergence

4. Co-adaptation

Convergence

In Sub-sharan Africa, the primary mode of transmitting HIV is?

1. Transfusions with contaminated blood

2. Consuming bush meat

3. Male-Male sex

4. Male-female sex

Male-female sex

Bayesian phylogentic analysis differs from Maximum Likelihood methods in that:

1. They are based on the principle of parsimony

2. They use a bootstrapping process to determine confidence in the results

3. They infer the likelihood of the data given a tree

4. They infer the likelihood of a tree given the data

They infer the likelihood of a tree given the data

Because finches with large beaks gave birth to chicks with bigger beaks?

1. Beak size is a heritable trait

2. This example gives evidence for the inheritance of acquired characteristics

3. Beaks size does not influence survival

4. Conspecific nest parasitism probably doesn’t occur

Beak size is a heritable trait

Which of the following can cause AZT to become less effective as a treatment for HIV infection?

1. Virions inside a person can mutate to a form that does not allow reverse transcriptase to incorporate AZT into DNA strands

2. All choice are correct

3. Virions inside a person can mutate to a form that allows reverse transcriptase to use AZT as an efficient DNA building block

4. AZT molecules eventually mutate into regular thymidine

Virions inside a person can mutate to a form that does not allow reverse transcriptase to incorporate AZT into DNA strands

Which of the following doe not provide evidence for evolution?

1. The human hemoglobin family

2. Theory of Plate Tectonics

3. Discovery of Archaeopteryx

4. The immutability of species

The immutability of species

Shared similarity of genetic flaws (e.g. mutations)

1. Provides further evidence of common descent

2. Cannot yet be explained by evolutionary biologists, but will likely be explained some day

3. Helps identify disease

4. Does not occur

Provides further evidence of common descent

The age of processed pseudogenes can be estimated by the number of mutations they have accumulated. We expect to find that

1. Older pseudogenes are shared by few species

2. Older pseudogenes are shared by more species

3. The older the pseudogene, the less valuable it is for determining relationships

4. Newer pseudogenes are shared by many species

Older pseudogenes are shared by more species

How does a biologist assess confidence in a particular node of a phylogentic tree?

1. Maximum likelihood

2. Polytomy

3. Bootstrapping or posterior probabilities

4. Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo

Bootstrapping or posterior probabilities

What is a synapomorphy?

1. A unique trait found in a species

2. A common trait found with no shared ancestry

3. A homologous trait that is shared among certain species

4. A trait that is shared with the out group

A homologous trait that is shared among certain species

If a phylogenetic tree depicts extant taxa on the right and the point of most recent common ancestry on the left:

1. An accurate phylogeny only shows taxa on the top and the most recent common ancestor on the bottom

2. The horizontal axis represents time

3. The vertical axis represents time

4. The amount of time since the most recent common ancestor depends on the vertical spacing between taxa

The horizontal axis represents time

HIV was introduced into humans only once (from SIV)

1. False

2. True

False

Polyploidy in animals is rare because:

1. They frequently have temperature-dependent sex determination

2. Recombination between parents ensure diploidy in offsprings

3. They are not as promiscuous as plant or fungi

4. Diploid gametes most often combine with haploids, producing an unstable triploid

Diploid gametes most often combine with haploids, producing an unstable triploid

DNA and protein studies reveal that:

1. Variation among individuals and populations is ubiquitous

2. Variation is widespsread among populations but not species

3. Variation is lower than what was previously thought

4. Variation is widespread among species but not populations

Variation among individuals and populations is ubiquitous

In the chronic phase of HIV infection, CD$ T-cell counts decrease continually?

1. False

2. True

True

In a phylogeny, when evolutionary histories are not well resolved and the node has multiple (more than two) branches arising from it this is known as:

1. Polytomy

2. Triploidy

3. Monophyletic groups

4. Autapomorphies

Polytomy

Historically, snakes had legs and now they are vestigial structures in certain species

1. False

2. True

True

Which type of HIV virus is causing the AIDS epidemic?

1. HIV-2 subtype A

2. SIVstm: stump-tailed macaque

3. HIV-1

4. HIV-2 subtype B

HIV-1

Evolution cannot anticipate the future and produces changed in populations based on past environments, not future environments

1. False

2. True

True

During a drought in the Galapagos, small, easily eaten seeds become less abundant leaving only large, hard-cased seed only birds with large beaks can eat. If this drought persist for several years, then what would be expected from natural selection

1. Small birds growing larger beaks by exercising their mouth parts

2. More birds with small beaks dying than large-beaked birds gicing way to offspring produced in subsequent generations having a higher percentage of large-beaked birds

3. Birds with larger beaks eating less to save some for birds with smaller beaks

4. Birds with small beaks mutating their beak genes with the result that later-generation offspring have larger beaks

More birds with small beaks dying than large-beaked birds gicing way to offspring produced in subsequent generations having a higher percentage of large-beaked birds

A cladogram is a tree based on:

1. Clustering only morphological traits

2. Clustering only genetic similarities

3. Clustering only synapomorphies

4. Clustering all traits with non-negligible branch lengths

Clustering only synapomorphies

Isotopes with shorter half-lives are more useful for dating the age of Earth:

1. False

2. True

False

Viral load in a patient that is HIV positive?

1. Continues to decrease until the patient develop AIDS

2. Initially increases, then decreases, and then increases until the patient develop AIDS

3. Initially decrease, then increases until the patient develops AIDS

4. Continues to increase until the patient develop AIDS

Initially increases, then decreases, and then increases until the patient develop AIDS

A reaction norm is:

1. The average time it takes to answer this or any other question

2. The genotypic expression range in a single environment

3. The phenotypic possibilities of a single genotype across an environmental range

4. The opposite of phenotypic plasticity

The phenotypic possibilities of a single genotype across an environmental range

The unit(s) upon which evolution consist of happens to be

1. Changes in genotypes

2. Changes in allele frequencies

3. Changes in phenotypes

4. Changes of heritability

Changes in allele frequencies

Which is NOT a category of drugs in use to disrupt which stage of HIV’s life cycle?

1. Fusion inhibitors

2. Cholesterol Inhibitors

3. Integrase Inhibitors

4. Coreceptor inhibitors

Cholesterol inhibitors

During years 1-6 of infection, HIV evolution is extremely fast, but it slows down during year 7. What would be the underlying cause for the HIV virus evolution to slow?

1. Viral load decrease

2. Replication of the HIV virus decreased

3. Increase in the change of novel epitopes

4. CD4 T cell count decrease

CD4 T cell count decrease

When Darwin first proposed evolution:

1. No theory could explain that the earth was old enough for natural selection to work

2. Geologists had already observed that vast stretched of time were required to produce some rock formations

3. Some geologists believe that earth was unchangeable ( uniformitarianism)

4. catastrophism was already accepted among geologists to explain that the earth was older than commonly believed

Geologists had already observed that vast stretched of time were required to produce some rock formations

During the Chronic phase of HIV infection, the patient usually experiences few symptoms

1. False

2. True

True

The Modern Synthesis is grounded in which of the following discipline synthesized with the theory of evolution:

1. Genetics

2. Thermodynamics

3. Geology

4. Mathematic

Genetics