Master Korean Grammar Reference 546 Consolidated Entries

550 practice vocabulary flashcards generated directly from the Master Korean Grammar Reference lecture transcript, covering grammar structures, forms, nuances, registers, and source audit data.

-(스)ㅂ디까?

Structure: V/A-습디까?/ㅂ디까? (하오체/formal-plain retrospective question). Meaning: 'was it (the case) that…? (as you observed)' — a formal/archaic retrospective question asking about something the listener witnessed. Register: Very formal/literary or dialectal-archaic.

-(으)ㄴ가 본데

Structure: A-(으)ㄴ가 본데 / V-는가 본데 (older spelling/index form). Meaning: 'it seems/looks as though…, but/so….' Older background-inference form; recognition-focused.

-(으)ㄴ들

Structure: V/A-(으)ㄴ들. Meaning: 'even if…(it wouldn't matter/change anything)' — a strong rhetorical concession. Register: Formal/literary, somewhat dramatic; common in poetry, proverbs, persuasive writing.

-(으)ㄹ 것 같으면

Structure: V/A-(으)ㄹ 것 같으면. Meaning: 'if it seems like it will…' — a conditional based on an anticipated likelihood. Register: Conversational, common when giving conditional plans/advice.

-(으)ㄹ 것도 없다

Structure: V-(으)ㄹ 것도 없다. Meaning: 'there's no need to even V' — dismisses an action as unnecessary because something is obvious or trivial. Register: Conversational, dismissive or reassuring.

-(으)ㄹ 겸

Structure: V-(으)ㄹ 겸. Meaning: 'in order to (also) V, along with…' — combining two purposes in a single action. Register: Neutral-casual, common in daily planning talk.

-(으)ㄹ까 봐

Structure: V/A-(으)ㄹ까 봐(서). Meaning: 'worried that it might…' — expresses concern/anxiety about a possible future outcome. Register: Very common, conversational, emotionally colored.

-(으)ㄹ까 봐요

Structure: V-(으)ㄹ까 봐요. Meaning: 'I'm thinking I might (V)' — a tentative statement of intention, standalone sentence-final use. Register: Conversational, tentative/soft intention.

-(으)ㄹ까 하고

Structure: V-(으)ㄹ까 하고. Meaning: 'thinking I might…, (I did something)' — states a tentative intention that motivated an action. Register: Conversational.

-(으)ㄹ 듯하길래

Structure: V/A-(으)ㄹ 듯하길래. Meaning: 'since it seemed like it would…', combining the 'seems like' guess (-(으)ㄹ 듯하다) with the personal-observation reason connector -길래.

-(으)ㄹ 듯하다

Structure: V/A-(으)ㄹ 듯하다. Meaning: 'it seems like it will…' — a soft guess/prediction about a future or hypothetical state. Register: Semi-formal/literary, common in writing and careful speech.

-(으)ㄹ 리

Bound noun 리 ('reason/way [something could be so]') — the base for -(으)ㄹ 리가 있다/없다. Register: Almost always followed by 있다/없다.

-(으)ㄹ 리가 있다(없다)

Structure: V/A-(으)ㄹ 리가 있어요?/없어요. Meaning: 'there's no way that… could be true' (없다) / 'how could there be a reason that…?' (있다, usually in questions). Register: Emphatic, expresses strong doubt or denial.

-(으)ㄹ 만하다

Structure: V-(으)ㄹ 만하다. Meaning: 'to be worth V-ing' / 'to be reasonably V-able' — expresses that something is worthy or tolerable to a reasonable degree. Register: Neutral, common in recommendations.

-(으)ㄹ 만한 선에서

Structure: V-(으)ㄹ 만한 선에서. Meaning: 'within a reasonable/tolerable boundary of…' — sets a limit based on what's acceptable/manageable. Register: Formal-neutral.

-(으)ㄹ 맛이 안 나다

Structure: V-(으)ㄹ 맛이 안 나다. Meaning: 'to lose the enjoyment/motivation for V-ing' — literally 'the taste/flavor of doing X is gone.' Register: Conversational, expressive.

-(으)ㄹ 뿐더러

Structure: V/A-(으)ㄹ뿐더러. Meaning: 'not only…, but also…' — adds a further point on top of what was said. Register: Formal-neutral, common in writing and careful speech.

-(으)ㄹ 뿐이에요

Structure: V/A-(으)ㄹ 뿐이에요. Meaning: 'it's just that… / (I'm) merely V-ing' — limits/downplays to a single fact. Register: Conversational-neutral.

-(으)ㄹ세라

Structure: V/A-(으)ㄹ세라. Meaning: 'for fear that… (might happen)' — a literary/cautious concern-driven connector, similar to -(으)ㄹ까 봐 but more formal/poetic. Register: Literary, evocative.

-(으)ㄹ 수가 있어야죠

Structure: V-(으)ㄹ 수가 있어야죠. Meaning: 'there's just no way I could…' — a rhetorical complaint that a certain ability/possibility simply isn't there. Register: Very conversational, exasperated tone.

-(으)ㄹ 수는 없지만

Structure: V-(으)ㄹ 수는 없지만. Meaning: 'although I/we can't (fully) V, …' — concedes a limitation before offering a partial alternative. Register: Neutral-conversational.

-(으)ㄹ 수 있는 길이다

Structure: V-(으)ㄹ 수 있는 길이다. Meaning: 'is a way/path by which one can V' — frames an action as a viable route to a goal. Register: Formal/written, persuasive writing.

-(으)ㄹ 수 있다는 게

Structure: V-(으)ㄹ 수 있다는 게. Meaning: 'the fact that one can…' — nominalizes possibility/ability as a topic, often for expressing gratitude or appreciation. Register: Conversational, warm/reflective.

-(으)ㄹ 자신이 있다

Structure: V-(으)ㄹ 자신이 있다. Meaning: 'to be confident that one can V' — expresses self-assurance about one's ability. Register: Neutral, common in speech and writing.

-(으)ㄹ 줄만 알았지

Structure: V-(으)ㄹ 줄만 알았지. Meaning: '(I) only knew how to V, but (didn't realize/couldn't do something else)' — highlights a limited or one-sided ability/perception. Register: Conversational, self-critical.

-(으)ㄹ 줄 알다

Structure: V-(으)ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다. Meaning: 'to know/not know how to V' — expresses ability or lack thereof. Register: Neutral, extremely common.

-(으)ㄹ 테고

Structure: V/A-(으)ㄹ 테고. Meaning: 'it will probably… and (so)' — a confident guess/expectation, linking into a following clause. Register: Conversational, confident tone.

-(으)ㄹ 테니

Structure: V-(으)ㄹ 테니(까). Meaning: 'I will (do X), so…' — states speaker's intention/promise as the basis for a suggestion or reassurance. Register: Conversational, warm/assertive.

-(으)ㅁ으로써

Structure: V/A-(으)ㅁ으로써. Meaning: 'by (the act of) V-ing' — a formal means/method marker built on nominalizer -(으)ㅁ + -(으)로써. Register: Formal/written.

-(으)ㅁ직스럽다

Structure: V-(으)ㅁ직스럽다. Meaning: 'to look worth V-ing / to seem tempting/appetizing to V' — describes something appearing appealing enough to warrant action. Register: Descriptive, vivid.

-(으)니

Structure: V/A-(으)니(까). Meaning: 'since/because…' — a foundational reason/background connector. Register: Neutral-formal.

-(으)니까 말인데

Structure: V/A-(으)니까 말인데(요). Meaning: 'now that I think of it / speaking of which…' — conversational transition triggered by a realization. Register: Casual/conversational.

-(으)니까 오히려

Structure: V/A-(으)니까 오히려. Meaning: 'since/when…, it actually rather…' — reason clause leading to a counterintuitive result. Register: Neutral-conversational.

-(으)니까요

Polite reason-giving sentence-final ending, 'because, you see…' Register: Conversational-polite, direct answer to 'why'.

-(으)니 만큼

Structure: V/A-(으)니만큼. Meaning: 'since/given that… (to that extent)' — reason connector that implies proportional degree. Register: Formal, speeches/persuasive writing.

-(으)라고

Structure: V-(으)라고 (indirect command quotative). Meaning: '(telling someone) to V' — reports a command in indirect speech. Register: Neutral; contracts to -(으)래(요) in casual speech.

-(으)라고 하더라

Structure: V-(으)라고 하더라. Meaning: '(I recall someone) told (someone) to V' — combines command quotative with retrospective -더라.

-(으)려니와

Structure: V/A-(으)려니와. Formal variant of -거니와/-도 (이)려니와 — 'not only…, but also (even more so)…'. Register: Formal/written.

-(으)하려면

Structure: V-(으)려면. Meaning: 'if you intend to/want to V…' — conditional based on intention or goal. Register: Neutral, instructions/advice.

-(으)려우?

Structure: V-(으)려우? (하오체 intention-asking question). Meaning: 'do you intend to…?' — 하오체 register question about intention. Register: Old-fashioned/literary.

-(으)련마는 / -(으)련만

Structure: A/V-(으)련마는; shortened -(으)련만. Meaning: expected/wished for a condition, but reality does not match; expresses regret or disappointment. Register: Literary/reflective.

-(으)렴

Structure: V-(으)렴. Meaning: Gentle intimate imperative — 'please go ahead and V'. Register: Affectionate, parental.

-(으)로까지

Structure: N(으)로까지. Meaning: 'all the way to/as far as N' — emphasizes extreme extent of direction, method, or degree. Register: Emphatic, formal-neutral.

-(으)로 보니

Structure: N(으)로 보니(까). Meaning: 'judging from N…' — an inference based on a given standard/evidence. Register: Neutral, analytical statements.

-(으)로 볼 때

Structure: N(으)로 볼 때. Meaning: 'when viewed from N / from the perspective of N' — sets a standard/viewpoint for judgment. Register: Formal/written.

-(으)로서

Structure: N(으)로서. Meaning: 'as/in the capacity of N' — marks a role, status, or qualification. Register: Formal-neutral.

-(으)로써

Structure: N(으)로써. Meaning: 'by means of/with N' — marks a tool, method, or means. Register: Formal-neutral.

-(으)로 인해서

Structure: N(으)로 인해서 (also -(으)로 인하여). Meaning: 'due to/because of N' — marks a cause, often for negative/significant events. Register: Formal/written.

-(으)리라

Structure: V/A-(으)리라. Meaning: literary future/presumptive ending — 'shall/will surely…' — expresses determination or prediction. Register: Literary/formal, dramatic.

-(으)리라고

Structure: V/A-(으)리라고 (하다/생각하다/믿다 etc.). Meaning: Quotative/embedded form of -(으)리라 — '(thinking/believing) that it would surely…'.

-(으)면서

Structure: V-(으)면서. Meaning: 'while V-ing' — simultaneous actions. Register: Neutral, extremely common.

-(으)면서도

Structure: V/A-(으)면서도. Meaning: 'while (also)…(despite that)…' — combines simultaneity with contrast. Register: Neutral, describes complex/contradictory traits.

-(으)면야

Structure: V/A-(으)면야. Meaning: 'if it really is the case that…' — emphatic hypothetical attached to - (으)면 conditional base. Register: Emphatic.

-(으)면 좋으련만

Structure: V/A-(으)면 좋으련만. Meaning: 'it would be nice if…, (but)' — a wistful, unfulfilled wish.

-(으)므로

Structure: V/A-(으)므로. Meaning: 'because/since…' — formal reason connector. Register: Formal/written.

-(으)므로써

Printed old-index form; compare V-(으)ㅁ으로써 / N(으)로써. Related to formal 'by means of/through' constructions rather than used freely.

-(으)셔라

Structure: V-(으)셔라 (honorific imperative, literary/exclamatory). Meaning: 'please do (respectfully)!' or an exclamatory admiring honorific. Register: Literary/archaic, ceremonial.

-(이)나 -(이)나

Structure: N(이)나 N(이)나. Meaning: 'whether it's N1 or N2 (it doesn't matter/both apply)' — parallels two nouns to show indifference or comprehensiveness. Register: Neutral-casual.

-(이)나 -(이)나 할 것 없이

Structure: N(이)나 N(이)나 할 것 없이. Meaning: 'regardless of whether it's N1 or N2' — stresses total inclusiveness. Register: Emphatic, conversational.

-(이)니 -(이)니

Structure: N(이)니 N(이)니 (하다). Meaning: 'saying it's this or that' — noun-based version of listing quoted opinions/claims dismissively.

-(이)니 만큼

Structure: N(이)니만큼. Meaning: Noun-based version of -(으)니만큼 — 'since it is N, (to that extent)…'.

-(이)더라

Structure: N(이)더라. Meaning: Noun-based retrospective observation — 'I recall it was N.'.

-(이)라고

Structure: N(이)라고. Meaning: Noun quotative — '(said to be) N' (base form underlying -(이)라고 하다, -(이)라는, etc.). Register: Neutral, foundational.

-(이)라고 할 만큼

Structure: N(이)라고 할 만큼. Meaning: 'to the extent that one could call it N' — expresses a degree so strong it merits a specific label. Register: Conversational-formal.

-(이)라고 해서

Structure: N(이)라고 해서. Meaning: 'just because it's said to be N (doesn't mean…)' — rejects an assumption based on a label/claim. Register: Conversational-neutral.

-(이)라니

Structure: N(이)라니. Meaning: Noun-based exclamatory surprise/disbelief version of -다니.

-(이)라도

Structure: N(이)라도. Meaning: 'even N, if nothing else' / 'N or something (as a fallback)' — marks a less-than-ideal acceptable alternative. Register: Neutral-casual.

-(이)라면

Structure: N(이)라면. Meaning: 'if it is/were N' — hypothetical conditional for nouns.

-(이)라서

Structure: N(이)라서. Meaning: 'because it is N' — reason connector for nouns. Register: Neutral, common.

-(이)라서 그런지

Structure: N(이)라서 그런지. Meaning: 'maybe because it's N' — tentative guess at a cause.

-(이)랄 것이야

Structure: N(이)랄 것이야 (= (이)라고 할 것이다). Meaning: 'would be called N' — literary way to attach a defining label. Register: Literary, older form.

-(이)랑

Structure: N(이)랑. Meaning: 'and / with N' — casual conjunction/companion particle. Register: Very casual/spoken; not used in formal writing.

-(이)르세

Structure: N(이)르세 (regional/archaic variant of -(이)라세). Meaning: '(they) say it is N' — dialectal/archaic reported-speech ending. Register: Literature/regional speech.

-(이)야 말로

Structure: N(이)야말로. Meaning: 'N, of all things, is truly…' — strongly emphasizes that the noun is the quintessential example. Register: Emphatic.

-감

Structure: Noun + 감 (e.g., 반찬감, 시집감, 사윗감). Meaning: 'material/candidate suitable for ~,' 'the makings of ~.' Register: Neutral-casual spoken.

-같아선

Structure: Noun + 같아선 (contraction of -같아서는). Meaning: 'if it were up to [the way I feel/think]…' — introduces a hypothetical based on inner feeling followed by contrast. Register: Spoken, casual-to-neutral.

-거나 하면

Structure: V/A-거나 하면. Meaning: 'if (for example) one does X or something like that then…' — representative example condition. Register: Spoken/semi-formal.

-거니 하다

Structure: A/V-거니 하다; often X-거니 Y-거니 하다. Meaning: to say/think 'it is X, it is Y'; repeated alternatives or conjectures. Register: Older/literary.

-거든요

Structure: V/A-거든요 (informal polite); -았/었거든요 (past). Meaning: Gives a reason/background explanation the listener didn't know. Register: Casual/conversational (해요체).

-거리

Structure: Noun + 거리 (e.g., 이야깃거리, 걱정거리, 볼거리). Meaning: 'material for ~' / 'something worth ~-ing' — marks target/source of action/feeling. Register: Everyday vocabulary suffix.

-건만

Structure: A/V-건만. Meaning: 'although/but despite the fact that…'. Register: Literary/formal contrastive ending.

-게 그냥 두다

Structure: V-게 그냥 두다 (also -게 두다/놔두다/내버려 두다). Meaning: 'to just let/leave (something/someone) to do X' — non-interference. Register: Implies criticism or resignation.

-게끔

Structure: V-게끔. Meaning: 'so that / in such a way that'. Register: Neutral; slightly emphatic version of -게 or -도록.

-게나

Structure: V-게나 (variant of 하게체 command -게). Meaning: Mild command/suggestion, 'why don't you…'. Register: Old-fashioned/literary.

-고 나니까

Structure: V-고 나니까. Meaning: 'now that I've finished V-ing, (I realize/find that)…' — completion followed by a resulting realization. Register: Reflective shift in perspective.

-고도

Structure: V/A-고도. Meaning: 'even after/despite having done V' — concessive connector built on -고. Register: Literary/written.

-고 보니

Structure: V-고 보니(까). Meaning: 'having done V (and then looked), it turns out that…' — realization emerging after action. Register: Natural, frequently spoken.

-고 보면

Structure: V-고 보면. Meaning: 'when/once one V-s and considers the matter; after V-ing, one realizes…'. Register: Reflective.

-고자 하다

Structure: V-고자 하다. Meaning: 'intend to/wish to V' — formal statement of intention or purpose. Register: Strictly formal.

-고 하니

Structure: A/V-고 하니. Meaning: 'since/because I hear/am told that…; given that it is said…'. Reported information used as reason.

-관

Structure: Noun + 관 (e.g., 인생관, 가치관, 세계관). Meaning: '-view/outlook/perspective (on ~)' — fixed suffix meaning 'view of'. Register: Formal/academic.

-구려

Structure: V/A-구려 (하오체 ending). Meaning: Exclamatory/mild suggestive ending — 'isn't it so…!' or 'why don't you…'. Register: Literary/old-fashioned.

-기까지 하다

Structure: V/A-기까지 하다. Meaning: 'to even go so far as to V' — emphasizes an extreme/additional degree beyond expected. Register: Emphatic.

-기나 하다

Structure: V-기나 하다. Meaning: 'to (just/merely) V' — downplays an action as the bare minimum. Register: Mildly critical/exasperated.

-기나 하렴

Structure: V-기나 하렴. Meaning: 'just go ahead and V' — gentle, indulgent command from an elder to younger. Register: Affectionate, parental.

-기도 하고

Structure: V/A-기도 하고 (…-기도 하다). Meaning: 'sometimes V, and also…' — lists multiple states/actions that alternate or coexist. Register: Neutral, descriptive.

-기도 하고 기도 하다

Structure: V1-기도 하고 V2-기도 하다. Meaning: 'does both V1 and V2' / 'sometimes V1, sometimes V2' — explicit paired template.

-기 마련이다

Structure: V/A-기 마련이다. Meaning: 'it's only natural/bound to happen that…' — inevitable consequence. Register: Philosophical, matter-of-fact.

-기만 해도

Structure: V/A-기만 해도. Meaning: 'even just V-ing is enough to…' — minimal condition triggers a strong result. Register: Emphatic.

-기보다는

Structure: V/A-기보다는 (or N보다는). Meaning: 'rather than V-ing…' — comparison favoring an alternative. Register: Neutral-to-formal.