Intro to Human Anatomy (Chapter 1) Test review

For Martins Class

Anatomy

Study of the bodyś structure and location of itś parts

Physiology

is the study of how the various parts of the body function individually and systemically

Gross

what you can observe

microscopic

structure of cells and tissues

What are the two key terms

1) structure & function relate 2) homeostasis

structure & function relate lungs

structure: tree like & function: to spread air

homeostasis

body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment as it deals with changes

dynamic equilibrium

conditions fluctuate within an acceptable range around a set point

What causes our

bodies to move away from 98.6?

STIMULUS

homeostatic imbalance

when a stimulus pushes body condition out of normal range

ow does the body maintain homeostasis?

Negative and Postive Feedback Loops

Negative Feedback Loops

result in an effect that is opposite of the stimulus

Feedback mechanisms: Basic Components

receptor cells detect imbalance, control center processes, effector cells respond

Positive Feedback Loop

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

Levels of organization

Atoms-bimolecules-cells-tissues-organs-organ systems-organism

11 organ systems

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, urinary

Respiratory

keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes CO2

Reproductive

Produces eggs and sperm cells for production of offspring

Muscular

moves the parts of the skeleton and internal organs such as the heart and intestine. Allows for locomotion

Urinary

rids the body of excess water, nitrogenous wastes, foreign substances, and cellular wastes. Forms urine. Also regulates water in body.

Skeletal

supports the body, protects organs, and provides an attachment for muscles.

Endocrine

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood to regulate internal body processes

Nervous

Senses and reacts to change in the external and internal environments

Lymphatic

Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products (like CO2) throughout the body

Digestive

Breaks down food physically and chemically for absorption by the blood

Integumentary

Forms the external body covering; protects all tissues below it.

Cardiovascular

a closed network of the heart and blood vessels that pumps and circulates blood throughout the entire body

Integumentary organs

Skin, hair, finger nails

Skeletal organs

Cartilages, joint, bones

Muscular organs

Skeletal and muscles

Nervous organs

Brain, sensory receptor, spinal cord, nerves

Endocrine Organs

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testis, ovary

Cardiovascular Organs

Heart, blood vessels

Lymphatic organs

lymphatic nodes, lymphatic vessels

Respiratory Organs

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Digestive

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Urinary

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

Male reproductive

testes produce sperm, duct carnes sperm to outside of the body

Female reproductive

ovaries produce eggs, uterus is the site for development of the fetus once fertilization has occurred

Body Cavity

Fluid-filled spaces that contain and protect the viscera (vital organs)

2 mains cavities

dorsal and ventral

Dorsal

houses the nervous system. Cranial Cavity-houses the brain. Vertebral (Spinal) cavity- spinal cord protected by the vertebrae

Ventral

2 cavities divided by a muscle called diaphragm. 1) thoracic cavity consisting of: a. 2 pleural cavities-lungs b. Mediastinum- central region which contain. 1) pericardial cavity - contains heart 2) superior mediastinum - part of esophagus, aorta, thymus

Abdominopelvic cavity

a. abdominal cavity-contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver. b. pelvic cavity- contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Other minor cavities

oral, nasal, middle ear

right upper quadrant

Liver and gallbladder

Left upper quadrant

Stomach, pancreas, spleen

Right lower quadrant

Appendix, right ovary

Left lower quadrant

Left ovary

the 9 regions

R hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguine, hypogastric pubic, left inguinal

Integumentary function

external body covering, protects deeper tissue from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, location of sensory receptors (pain, pressure, etc), sweat & oil glands

Skeletal functions

Protects & supports body organs, framework the muscles to cause movement, blood cells from within bones; stores minerals

Muscular functions

allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression, maintains posture, produces heat

nervous function

fast-acting control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Endocrine function

glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, nutrient use.

cardiovascular function

blood vessels transport blood, heart pumps blood

Lymphatic function

picks up fluid from blood vessels and return it to blood, houses white blood cells

respiratory functions

keeps blood w/ oxygen, removes co2

digestive functions

breaks down food to nutrients, indigestible food turned into feces

urinary functions

rids nitrogen waste from body, regulates water, electrolytes blood.

main body regions

axial-body core, appendicular-the appendages (arms and legs)