Genomes and Genomics

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to genomes and genomics, derived from the lecture notes.

Genomics

The study of genomes, including their structure, function, evolution, and mapping.

Whole Genome Sequencing

A method used to determine the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome.

Bioinformatics

The use of software and computational tools to manage and analyze biological data, particularly genomic data.

Comparative Genomics

The field of biology that compares the genomes of different species to understand their evolutionary relationships.

Functional Genomics

The study of the relationship between genes and their functions or expressions in the context of the genome.

Next-Generation Sequencing

A group of automated techniques used for rapid sequencing of large stretches of DNA, typically resulting in high throughput.

Paired-End Reads

DNA sequencing reads generated from both ends of a DNA fragment, useful for closing gaps in genome assembly.

Open Reading Frame (ORF)

A sequence of DNA that could potentially code for a protein; identified by start and stop codons.

BLAST

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, a method used to compare an input biological sequence against a database of sequences.

Syntenic Block

Regions of a genome in which the order of genes is conserved across species, providing insights into evolutionary relationships.

Exome Sequencing

The process of sequencing only the coding regions (exons) of a genome, focusing on mutations that impact protein production.

Transposable Elements

DNA sequences that can change their position within the genome, often contributing to genetic variation and evolution.

Pseudogenes

Non-functional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes, often considered evolutionary remnants of functional genes.

Reverse Genetics

An experimental approach used to determine the function of a gene by altering its sequence.

RNAseq

A technique used to analyze the expression of genes through sequencing the RNA in a sample.

Gene Orthologs

Genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene and retain the same function.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)

A variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome, which may affect individual traits.

Insertions and Deletions (INDELs)

Genomic variations involving the addition or loss of small segments of DNA, often leading to mutations.