midterm history
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Booker T. Washington
An African American leader and educator, born in 1856, who advocated for the economic self-sufficiency of African Americans through vocational education and entrepreneurship. He founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1881, which provided vocational training to prepare black students for skilled trades. Washington believed that education and economic advancement were crucial for achieving social equality, and he promoted a philosophy of accommodation to improve race relations, often emphasizing hard work and perseverance over direct confrontation with systemic racism.
Theodore Roosevelt
26th U.S. President (1901-1909) known for his progressive reforms aimed at addressing issues such as economic inequality, labor rights, and corporate monopolies. He championed the Square Deal domestic program, which emphasized fairness for workers, consumers, and corporations. Roosevelt was also a committed conservationist, establishing national parks, forests, and monuments to protect the environment and wildlife. His foreign policy, often referred to as 'Big Stick Diplomacy,' emphasized a strong military presence and active involvement in international affairs.
Jane Addams
A prominent social reformer and activist, is best known for founding Hull House in Chicago in 1889, one of the first settlement houses in the United States. Hull House served as a community center offering educational, cultural, and social services to immigrants and the poor. Addams advocated for social welfare, labor rights, and women's suffrage, believing in the importance of community and civic engagement. She became a leader in the movement for social justice and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 for her efforts in promoting peace and improving the lives of the underprivileged.
Eleanor Roosevelt
First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She was a prominent human rights advocate and one of the most active First Ladies in American history. Eleanor was deeply involved in social reform and championed various causes including women's rights, civil rights, and the rights of World War II refugees. After her husband's death, she continued her advocacy work, serving as a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and playing a crucial role in drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. Her commitment to civic engagement and humanitarian efforts earned her widespread respect and recognition, solidifying her legacy as a key figure in American history.
African American politics
This includes the rise of various organizations formed to fight for civil rights, the significance of historical amendments like the 14th and 15th which granted citizenship and voting rights, the impact of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s, the establishment of the NAACP, and the ongoing struggles against systemic racism and voter suppression. African American politics has also seen the election of influential leaders, the formation of political coalitions, and efforts to address issues such as economic inequality, education access, and health disparities within the community.
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
A New Deal program established in 1935 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt to combat the high unemployment rates during the Great Depression. The WPA provided jobs for millions of unemployed Americans through various public works projects, such as the construction of roads, bridges, schools, and parks. It also employed artists, writers, and musicians, funding projects that contributed to the cultural and artistic landscape of the nation. The WPA aimed not only to reduce unemployment but also to enhance public infrastructure and promote the arts, leaving a lasting legacy on American society.
The Great Migration
The movement of over six million African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West between 1916 and 1970.
Civil Rights Movement
A social movement in the 1950s and 1960s aimed at ending racial discrimination and securing equal rights for African Americans.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
A 1955 protest against racial segregation on public transit in Montgomery, Alabama, sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Legislation aimed at eliminating barriers to voting for African Americans and enforcing their right to vote.
Martin Luther King Jr.
A prominent leader in the Civil Rights Movement known for his nonviolent approach and famous 'I Have a Dream' speech.
Brown vs. Board of Education
The landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 by a diverse group of activists who aimed to end racial discrimination and promote civil rights for African Americans. This played a pivotal role in various civil rights initiatives, including legal challenges against segregation, advocating for voting rights, and combating racial violence. It was instrumental in the landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education, which declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. Over the decades, the ——- has continued to focus on issues such as economic inequality, education access, and health disparities in the African American community, making it one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States.
Freedmen
Former slaves who were emancipated during and after the Civil War and sought equality and rights.
Sharecropping
An agricultural system where tenants farm land owned by someone else in exchange for a share of the crops.
Gilded Age
A period in U.S. history in the late 19th century marked by industrial growth and wealth, but also by social issues and corruption.
Jim Crow Laws
State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The Emancipation Proclamation
An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 that freed slaves in the Confederate states.
Compromise of 1877
An agreement that resolved the 1876 presidential election and ended Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South.
The New Deal
A series of programs and reforms implemented by Franklin D. Roosevelt to help the U.S. recover from the Great Depression.
Rosa Parks
An African American civil rights activist known for her role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Selma to Montgomery Marches
A series of marches in 1965 advocating for voting rights, which led to the Voting Rights Act.
Affirmative Action
Policies aimed at increasing the representation of minorities and women in education and employment.
SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to combat racial injustice.
Freedom Riders
Civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States in 1961 to challenge segregation.
Great Society
A set of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice.
Jim Crow Era
The period of racial segregation laws enforced in the Southern U.S. from the late 19th century until the civil rights movement.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Landmark legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
SNCC
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a key organization in the Civil Rights Movement aimed at increasing voter registration among African Americans.
Black Power
A movement in the 1960s and 1970s advocating for racial dignity, economic and political self-sufficiency for African Americans.
Malcolm X
A civil rights leader known for his advocacy for black empowerment and his critique of the civil rights movement's nonviolence stance.
Fair Housing Act
A 1968 law that prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex.
Freedom Summer
A 1964 campaign to increase voter registration among African Americans in Mississippi, marked by violence and resistance.
Affirmative Action Programs
Policies in which an organization actively seeks to improve opportunities for historically excluded groups.
Thurgood Marshall
The first African American Supreme Court Justice, known for his victory in Brown v. Board of Education.
Little Rock Nine
A group of nine African American students who enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957, which became a focal point of desegregation efforts.