clemson 2220 exam 2 Cummings

tissues

2 or more cells that function together toward the same task

histology

study of tissues

where is epithelial tissue located?

-any surface covering or lining in the body

-glands

functions of epithelial tissue

-creates boundaries

-protection

-absorption

-filtration

-excretion

-secretion

-sensory reception

apical surface

exposed surface

basal surface

interior

away from external

-attatched to something underneath

basement membrane

2 parts

basal lamina

reticular membrane

reticular lamina

collagen fiber layer to add strength

is epithelium avascular

yup

basal lamina

attached to basal layer of epi

-adhesive sheet of protein

-selective filter

how do we classify epithelia?

-# of cell

-shape

simple

-absorbtion and filtration

-not a lot of friction

-easily damaged

-1 layer of cells

stratified

-many cell layers

-protection

-lots of wear and tear

pseudo stratified

one layer but looks like multiple

-lots of movement

-stretches

-not much change in shape or size

squamous

flat

-on apical surface

cuboidal

box like

-same width and height

columnar

taller than they are wide

transitional

dome shaped on apical surface

-line hollow cavities

-flatten as they stretch

-change shape

Gland

cell or group of cels composed of eli that secretes substances into ducts, onto surfaces, or into blood

-requires energy

-most secretions are water based

exocrine gland

secrete into ducts

-sometimes secrete onto their own surface

-sweat ducts

-gallblader

endocrine gland

do not have ducts

-secrete hormones

-travel in blood to go somewhere else

-pancrease

-thyroid

unicellular gland

goblet cells

one cell

multi cellular gland

many cells

merocrine gland

cells produce glandular product, package it in golgi ap and release it into ducts through exocytosis

-cell NOT damaged and can continue to produce

-salivary

-sweat

-pancrease

goblet cells

unicellular mucous glands

-lining digestive tract

-respiratory tract

holocrine gland

cell stores product as inclusion

-sloughed off and bursts to release contents

-replaced via mitosis

-sebaceous gland

what layer of embryonic tissue is connective tissue derived from

mesenchyme

connective tissue proper

-areolar

-dense regular

-elastic

cartilage

-elastic cart

-fibrocart

-hyaline cart

what do all types of connective tissue contain?

same structural elements

-background matrix

-fibers

-cells

muscle tissue

tissue modified for contraction

-provides mvmnt and heat

what does all muscle tissue contain

sarcolema(plasma membrane of muscle cell)

sarcoplasm(cytoplasm of muscle cell)

skeletal muscle

-striated

-fibers run parallel

-multi nucleated

-voluntary

cardiac muscle

-striated

-intercolated disc

-one nucleus/cell

-branched

-involuntary

smooth muscle

-non striated

-one nucleus

-squished nucleus

-involuntary

classification criteria of muscle

striations

voluntary/involuntary

# of nuclei

intercalated disk

communicated junction b/w cells

-channel proteins fuse to form connexion

-gap junction

-stimulate all cells together

nervous tissue

creates and transports electrical impulses

neurons

create and transfer electrical impulse

neuroglia

support and protect neurons

membranes

continuous multicellular sheet composed of at least 2 types of tissue

-epi bound to underlying CT

-(except synovial)

cutaneous membranes

skin is composed of cutaneous membrane

-keratinized stratified eli attached to dense irr CT

-constantly being sloughed off

-exposed to air

-mostly dry membrane

serous membranes

-simple squam on loose CT

-line closed ventral body cavities

-moist

-secrete serous fluid

-part of plasma escapes and becomes part of secretion

mucous membranes

-stratified squamous or simple column attached to loose CT

-line body cavities

-moist

-mucin

-absorption and secretion

keratinized stratified epithelia

accumulated keratin protein

-cellular inclusion

-dead

-protection

mucin

mucous

-moistens surfaces

-catches particles and pathogens

serous fluid

luricating

parietal

belongs to body cavity

visceral

belongs to organ

pleura

serosae of thoracic cavity

pericardium

sack lining the heart

-parietal= outside layer

synovial membranes

btw bones in a joint

-no epi

-secretes synovial fluid

-lubricates the ends of bones

provides cushion

peritoneum

serosae of abdomen pelvic cavity

how do tissues defend against foreign pathogens?

mechanical barrier

cilia

chemical barriers

acid mantle

what are the two types of tissue repair?

regeneration

fibrosis

regeneration

replace tissue w same type of tissue

through cell division

fibrosis

fibrous CT formed

-scarring

what are the 3 steps taken when there is a breach in an outer layer? (ex:paper cut)

1. inflammation

2.organization

3. regeneration and fibrosis

what are the inflammatory events?

-chemicals are released by damaged cells and macrophages

-capillaries dilate and become permeable

-WBC and plasma fluid leak into damage

-clotting proteins construct clot

-scab

clotting

stops bleeding

prevents pathogens from entering

helps healing

margins of wound are held together

helps recreate right type of tissue

6 steps of healing

1. blood clot is replaced by granulation tissue

2. new capillary bed established

3.fibroblasts close wound

4.phagocytic macrophages digest clot

5.collagen deposited

6.regeneration and fibrosis

granulation tissue

Vitamin A (in regards to wound healing)

epithelium

vitamin b (in regards to wound healing)

heart

nervous system

vitamin c (in regards to wound healing)

connective

vitamin D (in regards to wound healing)

bone repair/strength

vitamin E (in regards to wound healing)

prevents scarring

Vitamin K (in regards to wound healing)

helps blood clotting

blood circulation (in regards to wound healing)

affects speed pf wind repair

age (in regards to wound healing)

older you are the slower you heal

blastula

hollow ball of cells

primary germ layers

-ectoderm

-endoderm

-mesoderm

ectoderm

outside

endoderm

inside

mesoderm

middle

which embryonic layers is epithelial tissue derived from?

all 3 layers

which embryonic layers is connective tissue derived from?

mesoderm

which embryonic layers are mucous membranes derived from?

endoderm

which embryonic layer is the epidermis derived from?

ectoderm

skin derivatives

hair

nails

glands

receptors

regions of skin

epidermis

dermis

hypodermics(not technically skin)

dermis

fibrous CT (dense, areolar, fibrous)

at least 2 types of CT

-vascularized

epidermis

avascular,

epithelial tissue

hypodermis

-adipose tissue

-protection of things beneath skin

-cushion

-thickness increases as we age

-fibers decrease as we age

-loose elasticity

germ cells

actively dividing

on basal surface of dermis

keratinized cells

as cells keratinize, nucleus and organelles are removed

-2 weeks for complete keratinization

-all epidermal cells are replaced every 25-40 days

melanocytes

-produce melonin

-in deep layers of epidermis

-causes darkening of skin

langerhan cells

-produced in bone marrow and migrate to epi

-immune function

-attack foreign substances

merkel cell

-deep in epi

-boarder btw epi and dermis

-sensory receptor

-light touch

thin skin

b

s

g

l

c

status basale

-single layer of cells

-maintain replication

-germ cells

-stratum germination

stratum spinosum

-several layers thick

-accumulate keratin proteins

-weblike system of intermediate filaments

-attach to desmosomes

-shrink as they age

keratohyaline granule

store keratin

lamellate granule

store glycolipids

-"water proofer"

stratum granulosum

3-5 layers

-granulation layer

-granules w/in cells (inclusions)

-last of living cells

stratum corneum

20-30 layers

-contain keratin

-protection

stratum luciderm

clear layer

papillary

-areolar CT

-holds dermis and epi in place

-

reticular

dense irr CT

dermal papillae

extensions of dermis above bottom margin of epidermal layers