Science spiral 3

chemical change

A change in matter that produces one or more new substances

physical change

a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties

precipitate

A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.

gas production

formation of gas appearing as bubbles

Colour change

During a chemical reaction, the colour of the substance changes, making a new substance

Odour change

When the smell changes

Reactant

a substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction

product

A substance produced in a chemical reaction

Ion

A charged atom

Cation

A positively charged ion

Anion

A negatively charged ion

climate

The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time

weather

The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.

greenhouse effect

warming that results when sunlight, turns into radiation from the ground is trapped by the atmosphere's greenhouse gases

greenhouse gases

Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.

Tolerance range

The abiotic conditions within which a species can survive

optimal range

the range of environmental factors to which an organism is best adapted

biogenic carbon

Carbon of biological origin

fossil carbon

carbon found in fossil fuels which has been buried for millions of years and, when reintroduced into the cycle, increases global C02 concentrations

Isotopic fingerprint

Ratio of isotopes of particular elements found in an investigated material

Seuss Effect

A decline in the atmospheric (Carbon-14)/(Carbon-12) ratio

current

electric charges flowing through a conductor

What are the 3 things you must consider when choosing an energy source?

Social, environmental, and economic effects

alternating current

a load gets energy from a generating station

direct current

a load gets energy directly from the source

hydroelectric

energy created by water moving a turbine

pros and cons of hydroelectricity

pro: safe for the environment

con: costly to build dam

pros and cons of fossil fuels

pro: creates jobs, meets energy demands

con: contributing to global warming, stopping this method would cause people to loose jobs

pros and cons of biomass energy

pro: a renewable source of energy if properly managed

con: if incorrectly managed it will have the same effect as fossil fuels

nuclear energy

splitting uranium atoms to boil water to create steam to move a turbine

pros and cons of nuclear energy

pro: creates jobs and lots of energy

con: produces radioactive waste

pros and cons of geothermal energy

pro: renewable

con: hard to harness

pros and cons for solar energy

pro: easy to harness

con: expensive to set up solar panels

pros and cons of wind energy

pro: creates jobs, wind is found everywhere

con: hard to find spot with consistent high winds

3 main components of a circuit

source, load, conductor

series circuit

one pathway for electricity to flow

parallel circuit

multiple pathways for electricity to flow

short circuit

this causes damage to the circuit and could start a fire, this happens when there isn’t a load to drop off energy to in a circuit

fuse

thin piece of metal that breaks when current exceeds safe rate. This prevents short circuiting

voltage

pressure given to current to push it along the circuit

resistance

the force opposing the flow of electrons

4 factors that influence resistance

thickness of wire

length of wire

temperature

material

ohm’s law

mathematical representation of the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance