AP Biology Summer Work Study Set

Monomers

single unit

Polymer

many units bound together

Dehydration Synthesis

Builds and forms H2O

Hydrolysis

Breaks and uses H2O

3 Types of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

Simple ring sugars, glucose and fructose

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides combined, sucrose and lactose

Polysaccharides

Polymers of monosaccharides; stores energy (starch - plants, glycogen - animals), provides structural support (cellulose - plant cell walls, chitin - makes up exoskeletons).

Lipids

hydrophobic, used for insulation and long term storage (fat)

What are fats and oils made up of

Subunits, glycerol and fatty acids

Waxes

Used for covering/protection

Steroids

Cholesterol and sex hormones (made of four fused rings)

Cholesterol

Essential component of cell membranes, maintains membrane integrity and fluidity, enables animal cells to not need a cell wall, be able to change shape, move freely

Saturated Fats

no double bonds, solid at room temperature

Unsaturated Fats

Double bonds that kink the molecule, liquid at room temperature

Cell Membrane

Glycerol head (hydrophilic), fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)

Proteins (polypeptides)

Polymers made of amino acids which are joined by peptide bonds

What do amino acids form and how many are known

Building blocks for living tissue (enzyme, hemoglobin insulin, keratin, myoglobin [muscles]) — 20

Functions of Proteins

Support, enzymes, transport, defense, hormones, motion

Denatured

Heat causes a protein to lose its shape and its functionality

Main shapes of proteins

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Nucleic Acids

Information storing molecules, repeating nucleotides, DNA and RNA

What does a nucleotide consist of

A sugar (deoxy/ribose), phosphate, a nitrogen base (a, t, g, c, u)

What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?

dehydration reactions

How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long?

10

What best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?

Dehydration reactions form polymers by removing water, while hydrolysis breaks polymers by adding water.

The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down?

glycogen and starch

What is the classification of lactose?

Disaccharide

What is true about starch and cellulose

both polymers of glucose

Cellulose

major structural component of plant cell walls

Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because

humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha (α) glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta (β) glycosidic linkages of cellulose.

What is NOT true about lipids?

They are soluble in water

What is a triglyceride?

a lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol

What is the principal molecule in butter?

A triglyceride composed of saturated fatty acids.

Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. What is an exception to this statement?

a steroid

Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids?

They are steroids, which are not soluble in water.

The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires

the release of a water molecule.

There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another?

different side chains (R groups) attached to an alpha (α) carbon

Upon chemical analysis, a particular polypeptide was found to contain 100 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein?

99

Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?

peptide bonds

What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?

h-bonds

Which type of interaction stabilizes the alpha (α) helix and the beta (β) pleated sheet structures of proteins?

h-bonds

The α helix and the β pleated sheet are both common polypeptide forms found in which level of protein structure?

secondary

The tertiary structure of a protein is the

unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide.

A strong covalent bond between amino acids that functions in maintaining a polypeptide's specific three-dimensional shape is a (an)

disulfide bond.

At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R groups) most important?

tertiary

Altering which of the following levels of structural organization could change the function of a protein?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, Quaternary (all of them would be changed)

What is true about the 5' end of a polynucleotide strand of DNA is correct?

The 5' end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of deoxyribose.

The major purpose of RNA is to

Function in the synthesis of proteins

Which of the following best describes the flow of information in eukaryotic cells?

DNA > RNA > Proteins

Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar

Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type?

cytosine and uracil

Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the purine type?

guanine and adenine

If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine? (ASK ABOUT THIS)

40

The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA

contains one less oxygen atom.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the structural differences between DNA and RNA?

DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides.

If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5'ATTGCA3', the other complementary strand would have the sequence

3'TAACGT5'.

Beta amylase

an enzyme that breaks down polysaccharides into component monosaccharides - not produced by humans

Beta amylase is most effective in digesting…

cellulose

What biomolecule doesn’t form true polymers?

Lipids (fatty acids)

1. What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?

dehydration reactions

A protein’s _________ determines its function.

structure

Saturated fats:

no double bonds, max number of Hs

Unsaturated fats:

have double bonds

The chemical union of the basic units of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins always produces the byproduct:

water

The primary structure of a protein involves:

Peptide bonds

Proteins, which are tremendously complex molecules, all use as their basic units or building blocks (monomers):

amino acids

Which of the following is one of the primary functions of carbohydrates?

energy storage

Which of the following terms is defined as the process by which water is required to break polymers down into monomers?

hydrolysis

A maltose molecule can be made by bonding two molecules of glucose together via what reaction?

Condensation reaction

Which of the following terms is best defined as a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction?

Glycosidic linkage

What macromolecule is found only in plants and is described as a polysaccharide consisting entirely of glucose molecules?

starch

What macromolecules are structural carbohydrates

cellulose and chitin

chitin

Arthropods use it to construct their exoskeletons?

Phospholipids are amphipathic. This means that a phospholipid is __________.

both polar and non polar

What are the main components of a triglyceride?

A glycerol backbone and three fatty acids

Where are lipids most commonly found in cells?

Membranes

How many fatty acid chains do phospholipids have?

2

Which structures remains constant when a protein is in its denatured form?

primary structure

Pharmaceutical researchers are often interested in blocking particular receptor proteins on cell surfaces. What chemical property of a molecule would be most important for it to bind a receptor active site?

The molecule’s structural shape

What are the main functions of a protein in the body?

Catalyze cellular reactions, transport biological macromolecules, facilitate muscle contraction, send biological signals to distant parts of the body

Disulfide bonds may be formed in a protein's __________.

tertiary structure

Which protein structure takes advantage of hydrogen bonding, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals interactions?

tertiary structure

Alpha helix and beta sheets are found in the…

secondary structure

Nucleotides contain

a nitrogen base, pentose (5 carbon) sugar, a phosphate group