Chapter 2: Internet, ICT, and IoT

Internet

1. global network — enable real-time communication and data sharing

2. Born from ARPANET (1960s); now a public utility

3. use standardised protocol for connectivity

Core Functions of The Internet

[CIEEEH]

1. Communication: Email, SocMed, Video calls

2. Information: Search Engines, Digital Libraries

3. E-commerce: Online Shopping, banking

4. Education: E-learning platforms and virtual classrooms

5. Entertainment: Streaming, Gaming, Digital Content

6. HealthCare: Telemedicine, online consultation

Uses of the Internet

[NisrinSukaOrabgPretty]

1. Social Networking, business and e-commerce

2. remote work and online collaboration

3. streaming media and content

4. e-governance and public services

Types of Internet Connections

[DiaBorongWireMalamSemalam]

1. Dial-up: slow and outdated

2. Broadband: DSL, fiber, cable

3. Wireless (Wi-Fi): Home, public, businesses

4. Mobile Broadband: 4G/5G cellular networks

5. Satellite: for remove locations

Benefits of The Internet

[C2IH]

1. Connection: Global connectivity and access to knowledge

2. Innovation: drives economic development and innovation

3. Communication: enhances communication and customer experiences

4. Healthcare: improves healthcare access and sustainability

ICT

1. Infrastructure and tools — manage and share info

2. includes: [IkutNisrinSukaDaging]

• internet

• networks

• software

• digital platforms

Key components of ICT

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1. communication networks: wired, wireless, satellite

2. Info systems: Databases, cloud computing, ERP

3. Digital Platforms: Social Media, e-commerce, content sharing

IoT

1. network of smart, interconnected devices

2. uses sensors and software —> to collect and exchange data

Key Features of IoT

[AI]

1. interconnectivity, sensors, real time monitoring

2. automation, analytics, remote control, AI integration

Advantages of IoT

[ErinBeliRemoteSomel]

1. efficiency, productivity, cost-saving

2. better decisions with real-time data

3. remote monitoring and enhanced customer experiences

4. supports sustainability and healthcare

Disadvantages of IoT

[SayaComelDanLovely]

1. security risks, privacy concerns

2. complex integration, high initial cost

3. data overload, connectivity dependency

4. lack of device standardization

IR 4.0

1. Fourth Industrial Revolution: IoT, AI, robotics, big data

2. Smart systems and autonomous processes

Principles of IR 4.0

1. Interconnectivity, transparency, decentralization

2. automation and AI-driven decisions

Challenges of IR 4.0

[CubaJanganIkatRantai]

1. Cybersecurity and data protection

2. Job displacement and skill shifts

3. Integration with old systems

4. regulatory and ethical concerns

Future Employment in IR 4.0

1. Decline of manual jobs, rise of digital roles

2. needs for skills in data, AI, ccybersecurity and programming

Smart Technologies in IR 4.0

[Smart2Boys]

1. smart factories and autonomous vehcles

2. smart grids and wearable devices

3. blockchains for secure supply chains